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00:00:01,969 --> 00:00:04,369
Narrator: AROUND THE WORLD,
THE RACE TO WIN WARS

2
00:00:04,371 --> 00:00:07,305
AND EXPLORE THE UNIVERSE
HAS CREATED SOME OF THE MOST

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00:00:07,307 --> 00:00:09,374
INCREDIBLE PRODUCTS
EVER DESIGNED,

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00:00:09,376 --> 00:00:11,243
AND WE USE THEM EVERY DAY,

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UNAWARE OF THEIR
AMAZING ORIGINS.

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ON "INCREDIBLE INVENTIONS"...

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THE BICYCLE --

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00:00:18,051 --> 00:00:21,120
THE SECRET WARTIME PAST
OF A TWO-WHEELED WONDER.

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00:00:24,458 --> 00:00:27,459
ENCRYPTION -- WORLD WAR II
ENCODING TECHNIQUES

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00:00:27,461 --> 00:00:30,662
THAT ARE KEEPING
YOUR E-MAILS SAFE TODAY.

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00:00:30,664 --> 00:00:32,397
ENERGY BARS --

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MILITARY FOOD TECHNOLOGY
PROVIDING ENERGY

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FOR OUR BUSY
WORKING DAY.

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WE REVEAL THE AMAZING HISTORY

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AND ENGINEERING BEHIND THESE
INCREDIBLE INVENTIONS.

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--<font color="#ffff00">  Captions by VITAC</font>  --
<font color="#00ffff">www.vitac.com</font>

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CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY
DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS

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THE BICYCLE -- AN INVENTION
THAT, TODAY,

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WE TAKE FOR GRANTED,

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BECAUSE FROM COUNTRY LANES
TO INNER CITIES,

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MUD TRACKS TO RACETRACKS,
THEY'RE EVERYWHERE.

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SINCE THEY WERE INVENTED

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IN THE 19th CENTURY,

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THE HUMBLE BIKE HAS BECOME
A FAMILIAR SIGHT

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IN OUR EVERY DAY LIVES.

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ITS FIRST INCARNATION
IS CALLED THE DANDY HORSE,

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AND IT HAS A WOODEN FRAME,

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SOLID RUBBER TIRES,
AND NO PEDALS.

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AFTER MORE THAN 40 YEARS
OF IMPROVEMENTS AND DESIGN,

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IN THE 1860s,
THE VELOCIPEDE IS BORN.

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THIS IS NOT ONLY A REDESIGN,

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BUT IT CHANGES THE ENTIRE WAY
THAT BIKES ARE NOW USED.

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THE FRENCHMEN PIERRE MICHAUX
AND PIERRE LALLEMENT

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EQUIP THE TRADITIONAL BIKE
WITH A PEDAL IN THE FRONT
WHEEL.

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WITH ITS ELEVATED SADDLE
AND GIANT WHEEL,

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THE VELOCIPEDE BECOMES

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FAMOUSLY KNOWN
AS THE PENNY-FARTHING.

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THE HUGE SUCCESS
OF THIS NEW MODEL MEANS

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THAT THE BICYCLE BECOMES
ONE OF THE MAIN

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MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION.

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IT ALSO BECOMES A SYMBOL
OF PROGRESS AND GROWTH

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AND IS SOON SYNONYMOUS
WITH VICTORIAN GENTRY.

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AS THE BICYCLE EVOLVES,

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IT CATCHES THE EYE
OF THE MILITARY

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AND IS ADOPTED AS AN EASY

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AND SPEEDY FORM
OF TRANSPORTATION.

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IF YOU GO BACK OVER
100 YEARS AGO,

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GO BACK BEFORE
THE FIRST WORLD WAR,

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AN OFFICER PERHAPS
WOULD HAVE SEEN

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THE USE OF A BIKE
WITHIN BARRACKS.

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CHEAPER THAN A HORSE,
EASIER TO USE,

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ALL YOU GOT TO DO
IS REPAIR THE PUNCTURES.

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Narrator:
BY THE END OF THE CENTURY,

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ALL EUROPEAN ARMIES

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AND THE U.S. ARMED FORCES
HAD BICYCLE INFANTRY.

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WHEN WORLD WAR I BREAKS OUT,

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ALL SIDES GIVE BICYCLES
TO SCOUTS, MESSENGERS

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AND AMBULANCE CARRIERS.

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THEY'RE SUCH A HUGE SUCCESS
THAT THEY'RE EVEN

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AN INTEGRAL PART
OF THE JAPANESE VICTORY

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IN SINGAPORE
DURING WORLD WAR II.

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Hicks: THEIR TIRES ARE GONE.

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THEY WERE ON THE RIMS
OF THEIR BIKES,

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BUT THEY WERE STILL CYCLING,

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HELL FOR LEATHER,
TOWARDS SINGAPORE.

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AND THE BRITISH FORCES BELIEVED
THERE WERE TANKS COMING

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BECAUSE THE RATTLE
OF THESE BIKES.

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BIG MISTAKE, IT WAS
THE JAPANESE ON PUSH-BIKES,

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A UNIQUE USE
OF THE PUSH-BIKE.

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Narrator: AT ENIGMA BIKES
IN THE UNITED KINGDOM,

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THEY PRODUCE CUSTOM-BUILT

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HANDMADE TITANIUM BICYCLES
FOR CYCLISTS

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ALL OVER THE WORLD.

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AFTER CAREFULLY HAND-SELECTING

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THE BEST TUBES
AND PARTS FOR EACH BIKE,

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THE FIRST STEP IS TO SET UP
THE JIG WITH THE PRECISE

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MEASUREMENTS SPECIFIED
BY THE CUSTOMER.

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A JIG IS A DEVICE
THAT HOLDS THE FRAME

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AND GUIDES THE TOOL
THAT IS TO BE USED.

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NEXT, THE TUBES
ARE MEASURED AND CUT

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TO SIZE BEFORE MITER JOINTS
ARE FORMED IN THE TUBES

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BY CUTTING BEVELS
OF EQUAL ANGLES

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AT THE END OF EACH PIECE

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TO ENSURE
THAT THE MAIN TRIANGULAR

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FRAME OF THE BICYCLE
FITS SNUGLY TOGETHER.

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THE REAR DROP AXLE
AND THE HEAD TUBE

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ARE THEN PLACED ONTO THE JIG,

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READY FOR THE WELDING PROCESS.

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THE TUBES ARE FIRST
TACK-WELDED INTO PLACE.

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TACK WELDS ARE SMALLER WELDS

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THAT HOLD THE FRAME TOGETHER
READY FOR THE MAIN WELDING.

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BEFORE THIS IS DONE, THOUGH,

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THE FRAME IS LIFTED FROM THE
JIG

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AND PLACED
ONTO THE ALIGNMENT TABLE

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READY TO BE TRACKED AND
CHECKED.

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THE DOWN TUBE IS CHECKED FIRST,
FOLLOWED BY THE SEAT TUBE.

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IT IS IMPORTANT TO DO THIS
THROUGH THE STAGES

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OF THE BIKE-BUILDING PROCESS.

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WITH THE FRAME ALIGNED,

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THE MAIN WELDING
PROCESS CAN BEGIN.

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THIS HAND-WELDING IS DONE
WITH EXPERT PRECISION

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AND FORMS AND ENTIRELY STURDY

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AND DURABLE FRAME FOR THE BIKE.

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FACING CUTS THE OUTSIDE
OF THE TUBE,

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AND REAMING OPENS UP THE HOLE
TO A SLIGHTLY BIGGER SIZE.

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THIS PROCESS CORRECTS
ANY DISTORTIONS INSIDE THE TUBE

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THAT COULD HAVE BEEN CAUSED
IN THE WELDING PROCESS.

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NOW IT'S TIME TO GIVE
THE FRAME SOME TLC.

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AS MUCH CARE IS PUT INTO
THE BIKE'S APPEARANCE

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AS WITH THE BUILDING PROCESS.

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THE FRAME IS SCRUBBED TO GIVE
IT

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A NEAT FINISH
BEFORE THE BRAND DECALS

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ARE APPLIED BY HAND.

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THESE ARE SPECIFIC
TO THE MODEL OF EACH BIKE.

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THE FRAME IS THEN READY
TO BE PASSED ON

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TO THE MECHANIC
TO BE BUILT UP.

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TO BEGIN THE BUILD,
THE FRONT FORK OF THE BIKE

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IS ADDED TO THE FRAME.

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THE MECHANIC MEASURES
THE STEERING TUBE OF THE FORK

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AND CUTS IT TO SIZE
SO THAT THE HEADSET

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AND HANDLEBAR STEM
CAN BE FITTED.

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THE BOTTOM BRACKET OF THE BIKE

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IS PREPARED IN ORDER
FOR THE CHAIN RING

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AND PEDAL CRANK ARM
TO BE SECURED INTO PLACE.

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REAR DERAILLEUR GEARS
ARE FITTED TO THE FRAME

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ALONG WITH THE BRAKES
BEFORE THE HANDLEBARS

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ARE SLID INTO THE STEM.

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THE REAR COGS, OR CASSETTE,

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ARE CAREFULLY PLACED
ONTO THE REAR

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WHEEL OF THE BIKE, TIGHTENED,

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AND THEN IT'S ALL FITTED
TO THE FRAME.

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THE MECHANIC ADJUSTS
AND TIGHTENS THE REAR BRAKES

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BEFORE ADDING THE FRONT WHEEL

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AND ALSO ADJUSTING
THE FRONT BRAKES.

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00:05:56,990 --> 00:05:59,991
THE BRAKE AND SHIFT LEVER
IS SLIPPED INTO THE HANDLEBARS

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AND FIXED INTO PLACE.

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HE THEN MEASURES THE CHAIN
BY HAND AND CUTS IT

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USING A CHAIN SPLITTER.

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THIS IS LINKED TO CREATE
A SEAMLESSLY JOINED BIKE CHAIN.

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HERE, THE REAR DERAILLEUR

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CAN NOW BE LINED UP
WITH THE COGS.

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BRAKE CABLES ARE
MEASURED AND CUT

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BEFORE BEING FITTED TO THE
BIKE.

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00:06:21,348 --> 00:06:24,082
THE MECHANIC THEN ADDS CABLE
STOPS TO THE ENDS OF EACH CABLE

145
00:06:24,084 --> 00:06:27,952
TO PREVENT THEM
FROM SLIPPING OUT OF PLACE.

146
00:06:27,954 --> 00:06:30,688
AFTER FIXING THE CABLES
NEATLY TO THE HANDLEBARS,

147
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HANDLEBAR TAPE THAT HAS BEEN
SPECIALLY DESIGNED

148
00:06:32,893 --> 00:06:34,759
FOR THE PERFECT COMBINATION
OF COMFORT

149
00:06:34,761 --> 00:06:37,429
AND ENDURANCE IS WOUND
AROUND THE BARS.

150
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WITH THIS DONE,
THE MECHANIC RUNS

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THROUGH THE GEAR CHANGES
OF THE BIKE,

152
00:06:41,034 --> 00:06:44,769
ENSURING NO PROBLEMS
SUCH AS A SLIPPING CHAIN.

153
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HE UNBOXES AND FITS THE PEDALS

154
00:06:46,640 --> 00:06:48,840
AND THEN ATTACHES THE SADDLE
TO THE SEAT POST

155
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BEFORE THIS IS
SLIPPED INTO PLACE.

156
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AND THAT'S IT,
A PERFECTLY ENGINEERED,

157
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HANDMADE BIKE FROM START
TO FINISH

158
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READY TO HIT THE STREETS.

159
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FROM A TWO-WHEELED WONDER

160
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TO THE SECRETS
OF THE INTERNET,

161
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COMING UP NEXT,
ON "INCREDIBLE INVENTIONS."

162
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Narrator: THE INTERNET HAS
GIVEN
US ENORMOUS FREEDOM.

163
00:07:26,079 --> 00:07:30,148
WE CAN BROWSE, WATCH,
BUY, AND SHARE ALMOST ANYTHING.

164
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BUT WITH SO MUCH INFORMATION
BEING PASSED AROUND THE GLOBE,

165
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GROWING CONCERNS ABOUT DATA

166
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AND PRIVACY PROTECTION HAVE LED
THE BEST MINDS IN THE WORLD

167
00:07:38,425 --> 00:07:41,158
TO COME UP WITH WAYS
TO PROTECT OUR INFORMATION.

168
00:07:41,160 --> 00:07:43,562
AND THEIR SOLUTION?
ENCRYPTION.

169
00:07:43,564 --> 00:07:46,831
Gybels: ENCRYPTION IS REALLY
TAKING ANY READABLE MESSAGE

170
00:07:46,833 --> 00:07:50,569
AND TRANSFORMING IT SO THAT IT
BECOMES IMPOSSIBLE TO
UNDERSTAND

171
00:07:50,571 --> 00:07:53,371
OR READ IT IF YOU DON'T
HAVE THE SECRET KEY.

172
00:07:53,373 --> 00:07:56,308
AND THIS ALLOWS YOU
TO TAKE A MESSAGE AND SEND IT

173
00:07:56,310 --> 00:07:59,844
WITHOUT ANYBODY ELSE BEING ABLE
TO READ OR UNDERSTAND IT.

174
00:07:59,846 --> 00:08:01,379
Narrator:
ALTHOUGH WE THINK OF ENCRYPTION

175
00:08:01,381 --> 00:08:03,715
AS A THOROUGHLY MODERN CONCEPT,
IT HAS BEEN USED,

176
00:08:03,717 --> 00:08:06,117
STUDIED, AND REFINED
FOR THOUSANDS OF YEARS

177
00:08:06,119 --> 00:08:08,519
THROUGH THE SCIENCE
OF CRYPTOGRAPHY,

178
00:08:08,521 --> 00:08:12,057
WHICH LITERALLY MEANS "SECRET
WRITING" IN ANCIENT GREEK.

179
00:08:12,059 --> 00:08:13,792
IT IS ACTUALLY
THE ANCIENT GREEKS

180
00:08:13,794 --> 00:08:15,660
WHO CREATE SOME OF
THE EARLIEST WAYS

181
00:08:15,662 --> 00:08:18,329
TO BAFFLE SNOOPING EYES.

182
00:08:18,331 --> 00:08:22,467
THE ANCIENT GREEKS
USED TO WRITE MESSAGES

183
00:08:22,469 --> 00:08:25,870
ON PIECES OF LEATHER THAT WERE
STRUNG AROUND A WOODEN STICK.

184
00:08:25,872 --> 00:08:28,339
AND THEN IF YOU TAKE
THE LEATHER OFF THE STICK,

185
00:08:28,341 --> 00:08:29,875
IT KIND OF UNFOLDS,

186
00:08:29,877 --> 00:08:31,742
AND IT BECOMES IMPOSSIBLE
TO READ THE MESSAGE

187
00:08:31,744 --> 00:08:34,012
UNLESS YOU HAVE
THE RIGHT TYPE OF STICK

188
00:08:34,014 --> 00:08:35,614
TO PUT THE LEATHER AROUND AGAIN

189
00:08:35,616 --> 00:08:37,482
AND RECOMPOSE THE MESSAGE.

190
00:08:37,484 --> 00:08:39,284
SO PEOPLE HAVE BEEN
DOING ENCRYPTION

191
00:08:39,286 --> 00:08:42,487
AND FINDING WAYS
OF HIDING THEIR MESSAGES

192
00:08:42,489 --> 00:08:45,023
FOR A VERY LONG TIME, REALLY.

193
00:08:45,025 --> 00:08:47,025
Narrator: THE FIRST KNOWN USE
OF CRYPTOGRAPHY

194
00:08:47,027 --> 00:08:49,294
DATES BACK
TO ANCIENT EGYPTIAN TIMES

195
00:08:49,296 --> 00:08:50,762
IN THE FORM OF HIEROGLYPHICS

196
00:08:50,764 --> 00:08:52,363
THAT WERE CARVED
INTO MONUMENTS.

197
00:08:52,365 --> 00:08:54,366
SINCE THEN, GENERALS,

198
00:08:54,368 --> 00:08:56,835
MONARCHS, AND LOVERS
USED CRYPTOGRAPHY

199
00:08:56,837 --> 00:08:58,703
TO SEND ENCRYPTED MESSAGES.

200
00:08:58,705 --> 00:09:02,173
WARS ARE WON OR LOST
WITH THE HELP OF CRYPTOGRAPHY,

201
00:09:02,175 --> 00:09:04,509
EITHER BECAUSE ONE SIDE
SUCCESSFULLY HIDES

202
00:09:04,511 --> 00:09:06,444
THEIR COMMUNICATIONS
THROUGH ENCRYPTION

203
00:09:06,446 --> 00:09:09,314
OR BY THE OTHER SIDE
BREAKING THEIR ENEMY'S CODES

204
00:09:09,316 --> 00:09:11,116
AND DECRYPTING THEIR MESSAGES.

205
00:09:11,118 --> 00:09:14,385
ENCRYPTION THAT WAS USED
IN WORLD WAR II

206
00:09:14,387 --> 00:09:16,521
BY THE GERMANS, IN PARTICULAR,

207
00:09:16,523 --> 00:09:18,389
WENT BACK TO THE LAST DAYS

208
00:09:18,391 --> 00:09:19,791
OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR, REALLY,

209
00:09:19,793 --> 00:09:22,060
WHERE THE ORIGINAL
ENIGMA MACHINES

210
00:09:22,062 --> 00:09:26,130
WERE BEING DEVELOPED AS A MEANS
OF TAKING A MESSAGE

211
00:09:26,132 --> 00:09:28,266
AND USING SUBSTITUTION
TO REPLACE

212
00:09:28,268 --> 00:09:29,534
THE CHARACTERS OF THE MESSAGE

213
00:09:29,536 --> 00:09:31,336
BY SOMETHING ELSE
SO THAT THE INFORMATION

214
00:09:31,338 --> 00:09:34,272
BECOMES UNREADABLE
OR SECRETIVE.

215
00:09:34,274 --> 00:09:36,474
SO MUCH OF WHAT
WENT ON IN PLACES

216
00:09:36,476 --> 00:09:40,078
LIKE BLETCHLEY PARK WAS REALLY
ABOUT TRYING TO UNDERSTAND

217
00:09:40,080 --> 00:09:42,547
WHAT HAPPENED IN
THOSE ENIGMA MACHINES

218
00:09:42,549 --> 00:09:43,814
AND HOW THE CODE WORKED

219
00:09:43,816 --> 00:09:46,017
SO THAT, BY KNOWING
WHAT THE KEYS ARE

220
00:09:46,019 --> 00:09:47,885
AND HOW THE CODE
LOGICALLY WORKS,

221
00:09:47,887 --> 00:09:51,356
YOU CAN THEN REVERSE ENGINEER
THE PLAIN TEXT MESSAGE

222
00:09:51,358 --> 00:09:54,693
FROM THE ENCRYPTED MESSAGE
THAT YOU INTERCEPTED.

223
00:09:54,695 --> 00:09:55,961
Narrator: WITH THE INVENTION
OF THE INTERNET

224
00:09:55,963 --> 00:09:57,429
IN THE 20th CENTURY,

225
00:09:57,431 --> 00:10:00,031
SCIENTISTS AND TECHNOLOGY
EXPERTS BEGAN USING ENCRYPTION

226
00:10:00,033 --> 00:10:03,034
TO SECURE DATA TRAFFIC
TRAVELING AROUND THE NETWORK.

227
00:10:03,036 --> 00:10:05,971
SO, OF COURSE, TODAY,
WE RELY ON ENCRYPTION

228
00:10:05,973 --> 00:10:08,506
TO KEEP OUR COMMUNICATIONS
ON THE INTERNET SAFE

229
00:10:08,508 --> 00:10:09,975
AND SECURE AND RELIABLE.

230
00:10:09,977 --> 00:10:12,310
AND IN FACT,
WITHOUT ENCRYPTION,

231
00:10:12,312 --> 00:10:15,714
THE INTERNET AS WE KNOW
IT TODAY WOULD NOT EXIST.

232
00:10:15,716 --> 00:10:17,848
Narrator:
DIGITAL ENCRYPTION IS PRODUCED

233
00:10:17,850 --> 00:10:20,651
BY USING COMPLEX
MATHEMATICAL ALGORITHMS

234
00:10:20,653 --> 00:10:22,721
TO ENCRYPT AND DECRYPT
THE INFORMATION

235
00:10:22,723 --> 00:10:24,188
THAT IS BEING PASSED
BACK AND FORTH.

236
00:10:24,190 --> 00:10:27,258
AN ALGORITHM IS NOTHING MORE
BUT A SERIES OF STEPS YOU TAKE.

237
00:10:27,260 --> 00:10:29,260
SO YOU GET SOME INPUT,

238
00:10:29,262 --> 00:10:30,995
YOU PERFORM A NUMBER
OF STEPS ON IT,

239
00:10:30,997 --> 00:10:32,330
AND THAT GENERATES SOME OUTPUT.

240
00:10:32,332 --> 00:10:33,999
THAT'S BASICALLY
WHAT AN ALGORITHM IS,

241
00:10:34,001 --> 00:10:37,202
A RECIPE FOR A SET OF STEPS
OF THINGS TO DO

242
00:10:37,204 --> 00:10:42,540
WITH A PIECE OF INFORMATION
TO PRODUCE AN OUTPUT.

243
00:10:42,542 --> 00:10:44,742
Narrator: TODAY, ONE OF
THE MOST COMMON FORMS

244
00:10:44,744 --> 00:10:48,747
OF COMPUTER ENCRYPTION
IS ASYMMETRIC-KEY ALGORITHMS.

245
00:10:48,749 --> 00:10:52,017
HOW IT WORKS CAN BE EXPLAINED
BY THIS SIMPLIFIED SCENARIO.

246
00:10:52,019 --> 00:10:53,818
IMAGINE TINA HAS
A PRIVATE MESSAGE

247
00:10:53,820 --> 00:10:55,620
SHE WANTS TO SEND TO JOHN.

248
00:10:55,622 --> 00:10:59,157
TINA AND JOHN HAVE
THEIR OWN PADLOCKED BOXES.

249
00:10:59,159 --> 00:11:01,493
IF TINA WANTS TO SEND
A MESSAGE TO JOHN,

250
00:11:01,495 --> 00:11:04,229
SHE ASKS FOR HIS
UNLOCKED PADLOCK BOX.

251
00:11:04,231 --> 00:11:07,432
ONCE SHE RECEIVES IT,
TINA PUTS HER MESSAGE INSIDE

252
00:11:07,434 --> 00:11:08,633
AND SENDS IT TO JOHN,

253
00:11:08,635 --> 00:11:11,503
WHO USES HIS OWN KEY
TO OPEN IT.

254
00:11:11,505 --> 00:11:15,373
IF JOHN WANTS TO REPLY, HE ASKS
FOR TINA'S OPEN PADLOCK BOX

255
00:11:15,375 --> 00:11:18,643
AND PUSHES HIS MESSAGE INSIDE,
LOCKS IT, AND SENDS IT TO TINA,

256
00:11:18,645 --> 00:11:21,045
WHO THEN USES HER OWN KEY
TO OPEN THE BOX

257
00:11:21,047 --> 00:11:23,648
AND READ THE MESSAGE.

258
00:11:23,650 --> 00:11:26,051
NICE AND CLEAR?
SOUNDS VERY STRAIGHTFORWARD,

259
00:11:26,053 --> 00:11:27,986
BUT BEHIND THIS
SIMPLE EXPLANATION,

260
00:11:27,988 --> 00:11:29,921
THERE IS COMPLEX
MATHEMATICAL WORK

261
00:11:29,923 --> 00:11:32,857
THAT GOES INTO REAL-WORLD
COMPUTER ENCRYPTION TECHNIQUES.

262
00:11:32,859 --> 00:11:36,261
ENCRYPTION IS USED IN ALL
ASPECTS OF OUR MODERN-DAY LIFE.

263
00:11:36,263 --> 00:11:39,531
WE RELY SO MUCH ON TECHNOLOGY
THAT, WITHOUT ENCRYPTION,

264
00:11:39,533 --> 00:11:41,266
THE DETAILS
OF OUR EVERYDAY LIVES

265
00:11:41,268 --> 00:11:43,534
WOULD BE EXPOSED
AND OPEN TO ABUSE.

266
00:11:43,536 --> 00:11:46,938
MANY COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS,
THINGS LIKE ONLINE BANKING,

267
00:11:46,940 --> 00:11:48,540
BUT JUST ALSO KNOWING

268
00:11:48,542 --> 00:11:50,208
THAT WHEN YOU CONNECT
TO A WEB SERVER,

269
00:11:50,210 --> 00:11:52,010
YOU CONNECT TO
THE GENUINE WEB SERVER

270
00:11:52,012 --> 00:11:53,344
AND NOT SOME FAKE SERVER

271
00:11:53,346 --> 00:11:54,812
THAT IS TRYING
TO STEAL YOUR DETAILS.

272
00:11:54,814 --> 00:11:58,550
THOSE SORT OF THINGS RELY
VERY HEAVILY ON ENCRYPTION

273
00:11:58,552 --> 00:12:00,818
IN ORDER TO BE ABLE TO WORK.

274
00:12:00,820 --> 00:12:03,888
Narrator: IN ORDER TO MAKE OUR
ELECTRONIC WORLD MORE SECURE,

275
00:12:03,890 --> 00:12:05,556
WE HAVE TO RELY ON TECHNOLOGY

276
00:12:05,558 --> 00:12:07,292
FROM THE ANCIENT MILITARY PAST.

277
00:12:07,294 --> 00:12:09,294
THOUSANDS OF YEARS OF
ENCRYPTION

278
00:12:09,296 --> 00:12:12,897
IS CERTAINLY
AN INCREDIBLE INVENTION.

279
00:12:12,899 --> 00:12:14,899
SO THAT'S HOW IT WORKS,

280
00:12:14,901 --> 00:12:16,835
BUT HOW ABOUT
AN ENCRYPTION CIPHER

281
00:12:16,837 --> 00:12:18,235
YOU CAN DO YOURSELF?

282
00:12:18,237 --> 00:12:20,138
WE'LL SHOW YOU
HOW WHEN WE RETURN.

283
00:12:33,186 --> 00:12:35,053
Narrator: ENCRYPTION
DOES SEEM COMPLICATED,

284
00:12:35,055 --> 00:12:39,257
BUT HERE'S A CIPHER
YOU CAN DO YOURSELF.

285
00:12:39,259 --> 00:12:40,592
THE CIPHER WE ARE
GOING TO USE

286
00:12:40,594 --> 00:12:43,394
IS BASED ON BINARY
X.O.R. OPERATION,

287
00:12:43,396 --> 00:12:46,131
WHERE TWO INPUTS WILL
CREATE AN OUTPUT.

288
00:12:46,133 --> 00:12:48,733
THE INPUTS CAN
ONLY BE ZERO OR ONE,

289
00:12:48,735 --> 00:12:51,269
AND THE RESULT CAN
ONLY BE ZERO OR ONE

290
00:12:51,271 --> 00:12:53,605
IF YOU FOLLOW THESE RULES.

291
00:12:53,607 --> 00:12:57,474
TWO ZEROS INPUTTED
WILL RESULT IN A ZERO OUTPUT.

292
00:12:57,476 --> 00:13:00,411
A ZERO AND A ONE
WILL GIVE YOU A ONE.

293
00:13:00,413 --> 00:13:02,547
A ONE AND A ZERO
WILL LEAD TO A ONE.

294
00:13:02,549 --> 00:13:04,282
AND FINALLY, A ONE AND A ONE

295
00:13:04,284 --> 00:13:06,818
WILL LEAVE YOU
WITH A ZERO OUTPUT.

296
00:13:06,820 --> 00:13:09,220
THE LETTER A IN BINARY CODE

297
00:13:09,222 --> 00:13:14,091
IS WRITTEN AS 0100001.

298
00:13:14,093 --> 00:13:16,227
OUR TESTER COMES UP
WITH A KEY,

299
00:13:16,229 --> 00:13:18,229
WHICH BASICALLY MEANS
HE RANDOMLY ATTACHES

300
00:13:18,231 --> 00:13:21,299
DIFFERENT VALUES FOR EACH
DIGIT.

301
00:13:21,301 --> 00:13:27,438
IN THIS EXAMPLE,
HE IS USING 11101010,

302
00:13:27,440 --> 00:13:31,508
BUT HE COULD USE ANY
COMBINATIONS OF ONES AND ZEROS.

303
00:13:31,510 --> 00:13:35,446
HE THEN ADDS EACH DIGIT
TOGETHER
TO CREATE THE CIPHER TEXT.

304
00:13:35,448 --> 00:13:39,050
IF WE FOLLOW ALONG THE LINE,
ZERO PLUS ONE EQUALS ONE,

305
00:13:39,052 --> 00:13:41,518
ONE PLUS ONE EQUALS ZERO,

306
00:13:41,520 --> 00:13:44,055
ZERO PLUS ONE EQUALS ONE,

307
00:13:44,057 --> 00:13:46,724
ZERO PLUS ZERO EQUALS ZERO,

308
00:13:46,726 --> 00:13:49,126
ZERO PLUS ONE EQUALS ONE,

309
00:13:49,128 --> 00:13:51,796
ZERO PLUS ZERO EQUALS ZERO,

310
00:13:51,798 --> 00:13:53,998
ZERO PLUS ONE EQUALS ONE,

311
00:13:54,000 --> 00:13:58,403
AND FINALLY, ONE PLUS
ZERO EQUALS ONE.

312
00:13:58,405 --> 00:14:03,474
THIS GIVES US THE CIPHER
TEXT 10101011,

313
00:14:03,476 --> 00:14:07,478
WHICH, WITHOUT THE KEY,
IS RANDOM GOBBLEDYGOOK.

314
00:14:07,480 --> 00:14:09,546
NOW, IF OUR TESTER'S
FRIEND HAS THE KEY,

315
00:14:09,548 --> 00:14:11,215
HE CAN TAKE THAT GOBBLEDYGOOK

316
00:14:11,217 --> 00:14:14,218
AND APPLY THE SAME
X.O.R. OPERATION.

317
00:14:14,220 --> 00:14:17,889
SO ONE PLUS ONE EQUALS ZERO,

318
00:14:17,891 --> 00:14:19,957
ZERO PLUS ONE EQUALS ONE,

319
00:14:19,959 --> 00:14:23,094
ONE PLUS ONE EQUALS ZERO,

320
00:14:23,096 --> 00:14:24,829
ZERO PLUS ZERO EQUALS ZERO,

321
00:14:24,831 --> 00:14:27,899
ONE PLUS ONE EQUALS ZERO,

322
00:14:27,901 --> 00:14:30,234
ZERO PLUS ZERO EQUALS ZERO,

323
00:14:30,236 --> 00:14:31,636
ONE PLUS ONE EQUALS ZERO,

324
00:14:31,638 --> 00:14:35,172
ONE PLUS ZERO EQUALS ONE,

325
00:14:35,174 --> 00:14:39,711
AND THERE YOU GO -- 01000001,

326
00:14:39,713 --> 00:14:41,446
OUR ORIGINAL BINARY LETTER "A."

327
00:14:41,448 --> 00:14:43,381
THE SECRET?

328
00:14:43,383 --> 00:14:45,383
THE REASON THIS WORKS
IS THAT, IF YOU APPLY

329
00:14:45,385 --> 00:14:47,452
AN X.O.R. OPERATION TWICE,

330
00:14:47,454 --> 00:14:49,253
YOU CAN GET
THE INITIAL INPUT AGAIN.

331
00:14:49,255 --> 00:14:50,588
CLEVER STUFF.

332
00:14:50,590 --> 00:14:52,790
THE KEY CAN LITERALLY BE
ANY COMBINATION OF ONES

333
00:14:52,792 --> 00:14:55,793
OR ZEROS THAT
YOU WANT TO USE.

334
00:14:55,795 --> 00:14:57,795
JUST REMEMBER,
YOU NEED THE SAME KEY

335
00:14:57,797 --> 00:14:59,998
TO UNLOCK YOUR
SUPERSECRET CIPHER.

336
00:15:00,000 --> 00:15:03,267
FOOD AND WATER ARE THE TWO

337
00:15:03,269 --> 00:15:06,204
MOST BASIC HUMAN NEEDS
FOR SURVIVAL.

338
00:15:08,475 --> 00:15:11,542
THE AVERAGE INTAKE
FOR A FULLY GROWN MALE

339
00:15:11,544 --> 00:15:13,945
IS 2,500 CALORIES,
AND FOR FEMALE,

340
00:15:13,947 --> 00:15:15,413
ABOUT 2,000 CALORIES.

341
00:15:15,415 --> 00:15:17,348
OF COURSE,
THIS COMPLETELY CHANGES

342
00:15:17,350 --> 00:15:20,351
AND IS DEPENDENT ON YOUR
HEIGHT,

343
00:15:20,353 --> 00:15:21,819
YOUR BUILD, YOUR SIZE.

344
00:15:21,821 --> 00:15:22,954
SO IT REALLY DOES DEPEND

345
00:15:22,956 --> 00:15:24,622
ON WHAT YOU'RE DOING
BECAUSE KCAL,

346
00:15:24,624 --> 00:15:27,358
IT'S LIKE WHAT YOU PUT IN
IS WHAT YOU GET OUT.

347
00:15:27,360 --> 00:15:31,362
SO YOUR BODY NEEDS THESE TO
KIND
OF KEEP OPERATING, KEEP GOING.

348
00:15:31,364 --> 00:15:33,498
AND THE MORE YOU'RE DOING,
THE MORE FOOD YOU NEED.

349
00:15:33,500 --> 00:15:36,767
Narrator:
WITH OUR BUSY LIFESTYLES
AND EXERCISE ROUTINES,

350
00:15:36,769 --> 00:15:40,037
SOMETIMES YOU NEED TO REACH
FOR A HANDY NUTRITIONAL SNACK,

351
00:15:40,039 --> 00:15:43,240
AND THE ENERGY BAR
SEEMS TO DO THE JOB PERFECTLY.

352
00:15:43,242 --> 00:15:46,077
BUT DID YOU KNOW THAT
IS HAS MILITARY ORIGINS?

353
00:15:46,079 --> 00:15:47,779
WELL, AFTER THE BREAK,
WE'LL EXPLAIN WHY

354
00:15:47,781 --> 00:15:50,981
AND EXPLORE HOW THE MILITARY
HELPED US BETTER UNDERSTAND

355
00:15:50,983 --> 00:15:53,851
THE FOOD WE EAT.

356
00:16:03,796 --> 00:16:05,262
Narrator: DURING WORLD WAR II,

357
00:16:05,264 --> 00:16:07,198
AUTHORITIES STRUGGLED
TO MEET A SOLDIER'S

358
00:16:07,200 --> 00:16:08,933
RECOMMENDED NUTRITIONAL NEEDS.

359
00:16:08,935 --> 00:16:12,136
TROOPS ARE STILL BEING SUPPLIED
WITH HARDTACK BISCUITS,

360
00:16:12,138 --> 00:16:14,205
THE SAME KIND OF FOOD
THAT HAD BEEN SUPPLIED

361
00:16:14,207 --> 00:16:16,207
TO THE ROMAN ARMIES
2,000 YEARS EARLIER.

362
00:16:16,209 --> 00:16:19,410
IN 1941, THE U.S. WAR
DEPARTMENT SEEKS

363
00:16:19,412 --> 00:16:21,479
TO DESIGN A MEAL
THAT IS NONPERISHABLE,

364
00:16:21,481 --> 00:16:24,082
READY-TO-EAT, AND WILL FIT
IN A SOLDIER'S POCKET.

365
00:16:24,084 --> 00:16:26,483
THE RESULT IS THE K-RATION.

366
00:16:26,485 --> 00:16:29,953
THE K-RATION IS THE FIRST PACK

367
00:16:29,955 --> 00:16:32,156
TO MANAGE HUNGER
AND PROVIDE ENERGY.

368
00:16:32,158 --> 00:16:37,962
WE KNOW THEM TODAY AS MREs.
IN TOTAL, THREE MEALS ARE

369
00:16:37,964 --> 00:16:39,696
PROVIDED -- BREAKFAST,
LUNCH AND DINNER.

370
00:16:39,698 --> 00:16:40,898
TOGETHER, THESE GIVE A SOLDIER

371
00:16:40,900 --> 00:16:44,302
A CALORIE INTAKE
OF 3,000 CALORIES.

372
00:16:44,304 --> 00:16:47,371
A YEAR LATER, IT IS
STANDARD ISSUE AMONG U.S.
FORCES

373
00:16:47,373 --> 00:16:49,240
AND IS TAKEN UP
BY THEIR ALLIES.

374
00:16:49,242 --> 00:16:51,708
Hurd: SOLDIERS IN KIND OF
OUT IN THE FIELD,

375
00:16:51,710 --> 00:16:54,045
FIELD RATIONS AT THE MOMENT
BY THE U.S. MILITARY,

376
00:16:54,047 --> 00:16:57,181
THE U.K. MILITARY ARE SET
AT AROUND 4,500 CALORIES,

377
00:16:57,183 --> 00:16:58,716
SO DOUBLE THE AVERAGE INTAKE.

378
00:16:58,718 --> 00:17:00,985
AND THAT REALLY IS SEEN AS,
YOU KNOW, GOING ON LONG SLOGS,

379
00:17:00,987 --> 00:17:03,921
MARCHES,

380
00:17:03,923 --> 00:17:05,723
INTENSE PHYSICAL EXERCISE.

381
00:17:05,725 --> 00:17:08,459
Narrator: ENERGY BARS TODAY
PROMISE TO REPLACE MEALS

382
00:17:08,461 --> 00:17:11,529
BY GIVING YOU NUTRITION
IN A HANDY SNACK-SIZED BAR,

383
00:17:11,531 --> 00:17:13,664
IDEAL FOR OUR BUSY LIFESTYLES.

384
00:17:13,666 --> 00:17:15,666
SO THE PROTEIN
IN THE ENERGY BARS,

385
00:17:15,668 --> 00:17:19,270
THEY CAN BE USED AS ENERGY
BUT ACTUALLY, MAINLY,

386
00:17:19,272 --> 00:17:22,073
TO USE TO HELP
REPAIR YOUR MUSCLE

387
00:17:22,075 --> 00:17:24,675
AND TO HELP BUILD IT
BACK UP AGAIN.

388
00:17:24,677 --> 00:17:29,147
THEIR CONSTITUENTS HAVE
A LOW AMOUNT OF FAT AND FIBER,

389
00:17:29,149 --> 00:17:32,683
AND THIS IS MAINLY THAT
FIBER CAN REDUCE THE
ABSORPTION.

390
00:17:32,685 --> 00:17:35,820
IT SLOWS DOWN
THE RELEASE OF SUGARS

391
00:17:35,822 --> 00:17:37,155
INTO YOUR BLOOD SYSTEM,

392
00:17:37,157 --> 00:17:39,824
SO, HENCE, KEEPING IT
AS LOW AS POSSIBLE

393
00:17:39,826 --> 00:17:42,427
ACTUALLY ALLOWS YOU
TO GET A QUICK PEAK OF SUGAR

394
00:17:42,429 --> 00:17:44,295
INTO YOUR BLOODSTREAM
WHEN YOU NEED IT.

395
00:17:44,297 --> 00:17:46,029
Narrator: THERE ARE STILL
SOME BARS THAT STICK

396
00:17:46,031 --> 00:17:47,532
TO THAT MILITARY FORMULA.

397
00:17:47,534 --> 00:17:50,101
SOLDIER FUEL IS ONE SUCH BAR.

398
00:17:50,103 --> 00:17:52,703
MANUFACTURED
IN CANADA SINCE 2004,

399
00:17:52,705 --> 00:17:54,372
IT IS SPECIFICALLY
DESIGNED TO MEET

400
00:17:54,374 --> 00:17:56,274
THE NEEDS OF THE MODERN
SOLDIER.

401
00:18:01,047 --> 00:18:02,847
D'Andrea: THE STORY OF THE BAR
IS BASICALLY

402
00:18:02,849 --> 00:18:06,250
THE THREE BROTHERS GOT TOGETHER
AND WE CREATED AN ENERGY BAR

403
00:18:06,252 --> 00:18:09,386
THAT WAS DESIGNED
FOR SPECIAL OPERATIONS FORCES.

404
00:18:09,388 --> 00:18:10,922
IT DELIVERS STEADY ENERGY.

405
00:18:10,924 --> 00:18:15,193
IT GIVES YOU A FRUIT-BASED
SUGAR BURST, INITIALLY UP,

406
00:18:15,195 --> 00:18:17,995
AND THEN IT GIVES YOU
THIS PROTEIN-MODULATED STREAM

407
00:18:17,997 --> 00:18:21,132
OF STEADY ENERGY
FOR A STEADY ENERGY BURN.

408
00:18:21,134 --> 00:18:25,069
AND THE PRODUCT TOOK OFF.

409
00:18:25,071 --> 00:18:26,404
Narrator: ALL THE INGREDIENTS
ARE ADDED

410
00:18:26,406 --> 00:18:28,272
TO A DOUBLE SIGMA ARM MIXER.

411
00:18:28,274 --> 00:18:30,073
THE DOUBLE BLADES ROTATE AND
MIX

412
00:18:30,075 --> 00:18:33,810
WITH CONSTANT TORQUE
TO MAKE A DOUGH.

413
00:18:33,812 --> 00:18:35,412
ONCE THE PRODUCT
HAS BEEN MIXED,

414
00:18:35,414 --> 00:18:36,880
THE BOWL IS TILTED FORWARD,

415
00:18:36,882 --> 00:18:39,483
AND THE DOUGH IS RELEASED INTO
A STAINLESS-STEEL BIN

416
00:18:39,485 --> 00:18:42,686
AND TAKEN TO THE SLAB FORMER.

417
00:18:42,688 --> 00:18:45,956
THE DOUGH IS DRAWN THROUGH
A CONTINUOUS-FEED SLAB FORMER,

418
00:18:45,958 --> 00:18:50,561
WHICH CREATES THE BASE SHEET
OF DOUGH ONTO A LINE BELOW.

419
00:18:50,563 --> 00:18:53,097
THEN A TOPPING LAYER
IS ADDED TO THE NEW SLAB

420
00:18:53,099 --> 00:18:55,699
BEFORE IT GOES THROUGH COOLING.

421
00:18:55,701 --> 00:19:00,237
IT MAKES ITS WAY THROUGH
A SLITTER CALLED A SOLLICH

422
00:19:00,239 --> 00:19:04,108
THAT CUTS THE DOUGH
INTO LONG INDIVIDUAL ROWS.

423
00:19:04,110 --> 00:19:06,510
THE LINE THEN MOVES UP
TO THE GUILLOTINE,

424
00:19:06,512 --> 00:19:08,045
WHERE THE FINAL SHAPE
OF THE PRODUCT

425
00:19:08,047 --> 00:19:10,214
IS DETERMINED AND THEN CUT.

426
00:19:16,723 --> 00:19:19,657
THE FRESH BARS THEN TRAVEL
ALONG THE LINES INDIVIDUALLY,

427
00:19:19,659 --> 00:19:23,094
BUT THEY HAVE TO PASS NUMEROUS
WEIGHT AND VISUAL INSPECTIONS.

428
00:19:28,868 --> 00:19:31,669
ONCE WE BLEND ALL THESE
INGREDIENTS TOGETHER,

429
00:19:31,671 --> 00:19:36,741
WE GET A MIXTURE
THAT WILL LOOK LIKE THIS.

430
00:19:36,743 --> 00:19:40,278
AND WE NEED TO MAKE SURE,
AT THIS POINT IN THE LAB,

431
00:19:40,280 --> 00:19:43,480
WHEN WE WORK ON
THE FINAL PRODUCT,

432
00:19:43,482 --> 00:19:47,952
THAT THE TEXTURE OF IT
AND STICKINESS

433
00:19:47,954 --> 00:19:49,954
AND THE APPEARANCE,

434
00:19:49,956 --> 00:19:52,723
ALSO, WILL BE THE ONE
THAT WE'RE LOOKING FOR.

435
00:19:54,894 --> 00:19:57,361
ONCE THE BARS HAVE PASSED
THEIR INSPECTIONS,

436
00:19:57,363 --> 00:20:00,097
THEY'RE SENT UP TO
A DOUGHBOY MACHINE,

437
00:20:00,099 --> 00:20:01,365
WHERE THEY'RE
INDIVIDUALLY WRAPPED

438
00:20:01,367 --> 00:20:03,033
AND SEALED
IN A SPECIAL FOIL

439
00:20:03,035 --> 00:20:05,436
THAT GIVES
A VERY LONG SHELF LIFE,

440
00:20:05,438 --> 00:20:08,139
MAKING SOLDIER FUEL PERFECT
FOR THE MILITARY.

441
00:20:10,910 --> 00:20:12,310
D'Andrea: THEY'RE FED INTO A
MACHINE

442
00:20:12,312 --> 00:20:15,446
WHICH VERY PRECISELY SEALS THEM
IN THEIR WRAPPER

443
00:20:15,448 --> 00:20:17,181
AND CUTS THE WRAPPER JUST
RIGHT.

444
00:20:17,183 --> 00:20:19,850
IT CRIMPS THE ENDS JUST RIGHT
AND SEALS THAT ENERGY BAR,

445
00:20:19,852 --> 00:20:22,119
AND THAT MEANS IT'S NOW
PROTECTED FROM MOISTURE.

446
00:20:22,121 --> 00:20:26,123
THAT MEANS IT STAYS FRESH FOR
AN EXTRAORDINARILY LONG TIME.

447
00:20:26,125 --> 00:20:27,725
Narrator: NOW THE FRESHLY
WRAPPED BARS

448
00:20:27,727 --> 00:20:29,259
MOVE FURTHER UP THE LINE,

449
00:20:29,261 --> 00:20:31,795
WHERE THEY ARE BOXED BY MACHINE
AND SENT ALONG THE BELTS,

450
00:20:31,797 --> 00:20:34,432
GATHERED, AND MADE READY
FOR DISTRIBUTION.

451
00:20:36,669 --> 00:20:38,202
D'Andrea: SEALs USE IT.

452
00:20:38,204 --> 00:20:40,137
SPECIAL OPERATIONS
FORCES USE IT.

453
00:20:40,139 --> 00:20:42,806
FOREIGN MILITARIES NOW USE IT.

454
00:20:42,808 --> 00:20:45,743
BUT WHAT BECAME INTERESTING
TO US WAS CIVILIANS

455
00:20:45,745 --> 00:20:47,011
AND ELITE ATHLETES,

456
00:20:47,013 --> 00:20:49,146
LIKE TRIATHLETES, WOULD SAY,
"WAIT A MINUTE.

457
00:20:49,148 --> 00:20:51,482
IF A NAVY SEAL IS
EATING THIS ENERGY BAR,

458
00:20:51,484 --> 00:20:53,217
THEN I'D LIKE TO EAT
THIS ENERGY BAR, TOO.

459
00:20:53,219 --> 00:20:54,685
LET ME GIVE IT A SHOT."

460
00:20:54,687 --> 00:20:58,088
IT BEGAN AS A PRODUCT FOR ELITE
SPECIAL OPERATIONS PERSONNEL,

461
00:20:58,090 --> 00:20:59,790
AND THEN THE CIVILIAN
WORLD TOOK INTEREST.

462
00:21:02,028 --> 00:21:03,694
Narrator:
SO THERE YOU HAVE IT --

463
00:21:03,696 --> 00:21:04,962
A GLANCE THROUGH
THE HIDDEN HISTORY

464
00:21:04,964 --> 00:21:07,030
AND SUPER SCIENCE
OF SOME AMAZING PRODUCTS

465
00:21:07,032 --> 00:21:08,566
WE USE EVERY DAY.

466
00:21:11,237 --> 00:21:15,439
THE BICYCLE, ENCRYPTION,
AND ENERGY BARS.

467
00:21:15,441 --> 00:21:17,508
THEY MAY SEEM
COMMON AND ORDINARY.

468
00:21:17,510 --> 00:21:19,910
HOWEVER, THESE PRODUCTS
HELPED CHANGE THE WORLD

469
00:21:19,912 --> 00:21:22,146
ONE INCREDIBLE INVENTION
AT A TIME.