1
00:00:02,103 --> 00:00:04,436
Narrator: AROUND THE WORLD,
THE RACE TO WIN WARS

2
00:00:04,438 --> 00:00:05,838
AND EXPLORE THE UNIVERSE

3
00:00:05,840 --> 00:00:07,306
HAS CREATED SOME OF THE MOST

4
00:00:07,308 --> 00:00:09,041
INCREDIBLE PRODUCTS
EVER DESIGNED,

5
00:00:09,043 --> 00:00:10,842
AND WE USE THEM EVERY DAY,

6
00:00:10,844 --> 00:00:14,313
UNAWARE OF THEIR
AMAZING ORIGINS.

7
00:00:14,315 --> 00:00:17,515
ON "INCREDIBLE INVENTIONS,"
THE DRUM,

8
00:00:17,517 --> 00:00:18,984
ITS USE IN KEEPING TIME

9
00:00:18,986 --> 00:00:21,286
BOTH MUSICALLY
AND ON THE BATTLEFIELD,

10
00:00:24,859 --> 00:00:25,924
THE SLINKY,

11
00:00:25,926 --> 00:00:28,126
HOW A SIMPLE METAL
SPRING DEFIES

12
00:00:28,128 --> 00:00:31,730
THE LAWS OF PHYSICS,

13
00:00:31,732 --> 00:00:33,599
AND THE FENCING SWORD,

14
00:00:33,601 --> 00:00:36,334
THE DEADLY PAST
OF AN OLYMPIC SPORT.

15
00:00:36,336 --> 00:00:38,937
WE REVEAL THE AMAZING HISTORY

16
00:00:38,939 --> 00:00:40,605
AND ENGINEERING OF THESE

17
00:00:40,607 --> 00:00:43,142
INCREDIBLE INVENTIONS.

18
00:00:43,144 --> 00:00:46,278
--<font color="#ffff00"> Captions by VITAC</font> --
<font color="#00ffff">www.vitac.com</font>

19
00:00:46,280 --> 00:00:49,214
CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY
DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS

20
00:00:49,216 --> 00:00:52,251
♪♪

21
00:01:00,427 --> 00:01:03,295
FROM THE NEOLITHIC ERA
TO THE 21ST CENTURY,

22
00:01:03,297 --> 00:01:06,664
THE DRUM HAS LIVED UP
TO ITS NOISY REPUTATION.

23
00:01:06,666 --> 00:01:09,834
IT'S BEEN USED BY THE ANCIENT
CHINESE AND MONGOLIAN TRIBES,

24
00:01:09,836 --> 00:01:11,303
THE AZTECS OF MEXICO,

25
00:01:11,305 --> 00:01:12,971
AND NATIVE AMERICANS
IN THE PLAINS

26
00:01:12,973 --> 00:01:18,310
OF THE UNITED STATES.

27
00:01:18,312 --> 00:01:21,646
Hicks: WHEN IT COMES TO DRUMS,
YOU'VE GOT TO GO BACK IN TIME,

28
00:01:21,648 --> 00:01:23,515
REALLY ANCIENT TIMES, AFRICA,

29
00:01:23,517 --> 00:01:24,783
THE HOLLOWED-OUT LOG,

30
00:01:24,785 --> 00:01:27,119
YOU KNOW, INTIMIDATING
THE NEXT TRIBE,

31
00:01:27,121 --> 00:01:29,188
THE ENEMY OR THE NEXT VILLAGE
YOU'RE COMING.

32
00:01:29,190 --> 00:01:31,256
THE NATIVE AMERICANS,
WITH THEIR DRUMS,

33
00:01:31,258 --> 00:01:34,059
IT'S TELLING YOU, WE'RE COMING.

34
00:01:34,061 --> 00:01:36,394
Narrator: AS ONE OF THE OLDEST
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS,

35
00:01:36,396 --> 00:01:38,663
A DRUM'S BASIC DESIGN
HAS REMAINED

36
00:01:38,665 --> 00:01:41,800
ALMOST THE SAME
FOR THOUSANDS OF YEARS.

37
00:01:41,802 --> 00:01:43,601
CLASSIFIED AS A MEMBRANOPHONE

38
00:01:43,603 --> 00:01:46,205
BECAUSE IT CONSISTS
OF AT LEAST ONE ANIMAL HIDE

39
00:01:46,207 --> 00:01:47,473
THAT HAS BEEN STRETCHED AND,

40
00:01:47,475 --> 00:01:49,474
WHEN STRUCK BY THE HAND
OR DRUMSTICK,

41
00:01:49,476 --> 00:01:54,279
PRODUCES A DEEP AND LOUD SOUND.

42
00:01:54,281 --> 00:01:55,880
WHILE THE DRUM
IS COMMONLY REGARDED

43
00:01:55,882 --> 00:01:57,349
AS THE ROOT OF ALL MUSIC,

44
00:01:57,351 --> 00:02:01,153
IT CAN'T ESCAPE ITS BLOODY PAST
ON THE BATTLEFIELDS OF HISTORY.

45
00:02:01,155 --> 00:02:02,487
MANY KINGDOMS, TRIBES

46
00:02:02,489 --> 00:02:04,289
AND NATIONS
HAVE RISEN AND FALLEN

47
00:02:04,291 --> 00:02:06,492
TO THE SOUND
OF A BEATING DRUM.

48
00:02:08,696 --> 00:02:10,695
WELL, THE MOST SIMPLE USE
FOR THE DRUM

49
00:02:10,697 --> 00:02:12,831
IS MARKING TIME
FOR THE REGIMENT

50
00:02:12,833 --> 00:02:14,700
AND BEATING THE TIME
OF THEIR DIFFERENT MOVEMENTS

51
00:02:14,702 --> 00:02:16,101
WHEN THEY'RE DOING THEIR DRILL.

52
00:02:16,103 --> 00:02:17,969
BOTH IN THE ENGLISH
AND THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR,

53
00:02:17,971 --> 00:02:19,972
THE DRUM BEAT WAS PARAMOUNT.

54
00:02:19,974 --> 00:02:21,840
IT WAS THE MOST
IMPORTANT THING.

55
00:02:21,842 --> 00:02:23,575
WITHOUT IT, YOU COULDN'T
GET ALL OF YOUR MEN

56
00:02:23,577 --> 00:02:24,977
TO PRESENT AT THE RIGHT TIME,

57
00:02:24,979 --> 00:02:27,045
FIRE AT THE RIGHT TIME.

58
00:02:27,047 --> 00:02:29,414
OTHERWISE, IT WOULD BE CHAOS
ON THE BATTLEFIELD.

59
00:02:34,321 --> 00:02:36,521
LIBERTY HAS BEEN MAKING DRUMS

60
00:02:36,523 --> 00:02:39,057
IN COUNTY DURHAM,
ENGLAND SINCE 2006,

61
00:02:39,059 --> 00:02:41,660
AND ALL THEIR DRUMS
ARE ENTIRELY HANDMADE,

62
00:02:41,662 --> 00:02:43,462
MAKING THEM UNIQUE.

63
00:02:46,000 --> 00:02:48,267
Street: WE BUILD THE DRUMS
FROM THE RAW TIMBER,

64
00:02:48,269 --> 00:02:50,535
SO WE SOURCE IN THE BIRCHES,

65
00:02:50,537 --> 00:02:51,670
THE MAPLES, MAHOGANIES,

66
00:02:51,672 --> 00:02:55,607
AND WE BUILD OUR KITS
PLY BY PLY.

67
00:02:55,609 --> 00:02:58,209
ESSENTIALLY, EVERY ELEMENT
IS HANDMADE.

68
00:02:58,211 --> 00:03:00,412
ALL THE TIMBERS ARE
ALWAYS HANDLED BY HAND,

69
00:03:00,414 --> 00:03:01,747
RIGHT TO THE FINISHING PROCESS.

70
00:03:01,749 --> 00:03:04,683
IT'S A, YOU KNOW,
A REALLY FINE INSTRUMENT.

71
00:03:08,021 --> 00:03:11,557
Narrator: THE PROCESS BEGINS
WITH THE SELECTION OF THE TIMBER

72
00:03:11,559 --> 00:03:15,760
TO MAKE THE SHELL
OF THE SNARE DRUM.

73
00:03:15,762 --> 00:03:18,029
STRIPS OF PLYWOOD
ARE MEASURED OUT

74
00:03:18,031 --> 00:03:21,432
AND PRECISELY CUT TO SIZE.

75
00:03:21,434 --> 00:03:22,900
THESE WILL BE
LAMINATED TOGETHER

76
00:03:22,902 --> 00:03:24,770
TO FORM THE DRUM SHELL.

77
00:03:24,772 --> 00:03:26,371
FOR THE OUTER LAYER OF THE DRUM,

78
00:03:26,373 --> 00:03:27,705
TWO STRIPS OF THE PLYWOOD

79
00:03:27,707 --> 00:03:29,241
ARE LAYERED UP ON EITHER SIDE

80
00:03:29,243 --> 00:03:30,775
OF A DECORATIVE BEADING STRIP

81
00:03:30,777 --> 00:03:33,111
AND HELD IN PLACE
USING MASKING TAPE.

82
00:03:36,583 --> 00:03:39,317
EACH PLYWOOD LAYER IS COATED
WITH A SPECIAL GLUE

83
00:03:39,319 --> 00:03:41,453
AND CAREFULLY
MANIPULATED INTO PLACE

84
00:03:41,455 --> 00:03:43,455
WITHIN A SOLID-WALLED MOLD.

85
00:03:45,926 --> 00:03:48,327
EACH FRAME GETS A COAT
OF GLUE BY HAND

86
00:03:48,329 --> 00:03:50,595
AND THEN PLACED IN THE MOLD.

87
00:03:50,597 --> 00:03:54,332
EACH PLY, WE USE
A SPECIFIC COMPOUND OF GLUE,

88
00:03:54,334 --> 00:03:56,468
AND THEN EACH LEAF OR VENEER,

89
00:03:56,470 --> 00:03:58,870
WE'VE PLACED IN THE MOLD
TO MAKE THAT SPECIFIC DRUM.

90
00:03:58,872 --> 00:04:01,006
SO IT DEPENDS THE TYPE,
THE DESIGN OF THE DRUM,

91
00:04:01,008 --> 00:04:03,809
HOW THICK, HOW MANY VENEERS.

92
00:04:03,811 --> 00:04:06,611
THE MOLD'S PURPOSE IS
TO APPLY EXTERNAL PRESSURE

93
00:04:06,613 --> 00:04:08,013
TO THE PLYWOOD LAYERS.

94
00:04:08,015 --> 00:04:10,749
THE SHELL IS LEFT TO DRY
NATURALLY IN THE MOLD

95
00:04:10,751 --> 00:04:13,418
FOR 24 HOURS
TO ENSURE A GOOD BOND.

96
00:04:13,420 --> 00:04:18,356
ONCE DRY, THE DRUM IS EXTRACTED
FROM THE MOLD AND CHECKED

97
00:04:18,358 --> 00:04:20,892
FOR ANY IMPERFECTIONS
ON THE LAMINATE.

98
00:04:25,899 --> 00:04:27,165
THE EDGES OF THE DRUM

99
00:04:27,167 --> 00:04:29,835
ARE THEN PRECISELY TRIMMED
USING A CIRCULAR SAW.

100
00:04:35,109 --> 00:04:38,042
THE DRUM'S SURFACE IS THEN
CAREFULLY SANDED BY HAND

101
00:04:38,044 --> 00:04:42,047
TO ENSURE A GOOD, SMOOTH FINISH.

102
00:04:42,049 --> 00:04:44,649
NEXT, THE DECORATIVE BEAD
IS MASKED WITH TAPE,

103
00:04:44,651 --> 00:04:45,984
AND ONE HALF OF THE DRUM

104
00:04:45,986 --> 00:04:48,186
IS STAINED
WITH A COLORED LACQUER.

105
00:04:53,793 --> 00:04:56,461
ONCE THE LACQUER IS DRY,
THE WHOLE DRUM IS COATED

106
00:04:56,463 --> 00:04:58,396
WITH A LAYER OF WAX
FOR PROTECTION

107
00:04:58,398 --> 00:05:02,333
AND TO GIVE A SMOOTH FINISH.

108
00:05:02,335 --> 00:05:03,869
WHEN THE FINISH IS COMPLETE,

109
00:05:03,871 --> 00:05:08,406
THE EDGES OF THE DRUM ARE
BEVELED USING A ROUTING TOOL.

110
00:05:08,408 --> 00:05:09,807
THIS WILL FORM A BEARING EDGE

111
00:05:09,809 --> 00:05:12,311
FOR ATTACHING THE DRUM
SKINS LATER ON.

112
00:05:17,417 --> 00:05:19,685
NEXT, MASKING TAPE
IS APPLIED AROUND

113
00:05:19,687 --> 00:05:21,086
THE CIRCUMFERENCE OF THE DRUM

114
00:05:21,088 --> 00:05:23,188
SO THAT IT CAN BE
MARKED UP FOR DRILLING.

115
00:05:26,427 --> 00:05:28,359
A TEMPLATE IS USED
TO MARK THE POSITIONS

116
00:05:28,361 --> 00:05:30,262
WHERE THE DRUM WILL BE DRILLED.

117
00:05:32,966 --> 00:05:36,100
MORE MASKING TAPE
IS APPLIED

118
00:05:36,102 --> 00:05:37,902
AT EACH POSITION
AROUND THE DRUM,

119
00:05:37,904 --> 00:05:40,238
AND A TEMPLATE IS USED TO MARK
THE CORRECT POSITIONS

120
00:05:40,240 --> 00:05:42,674
FOR DRILLING THE HOLES.

121
00:05:47,314 --> 00:05:49,181
HOLES ARE DRILLED
THROUGH THE DRUM

122
00:05:49,183 --> 00:05:51,182
SHELL AT ALL
THE MARKED LOCATIONS,

123
00:05:51,184 --> 00:05:53,919
AND THEN ALL THE EXTERNAL
METALWORK IS SCREWED ON AROUND

124
00:05:53,921 --> 00:05:55,320
THE EDGES OF THE DRUM.

125
00:06:01,261 --> 00:06:03,261
THESE ARE USED FOR
ATTACHING THE DRUM HEADS

126
00:06:03,263 --> 00:06:06,598
AS WELL AS THE SNARE WIRES.

127
00:06:06,600 --> 00:06:09,534
NEXT, THE BOTTOM DRUM HEAD
IS ATTACHED TO THE DRUM

128
00:06:09,536 --> 00:06:10,869
USING A METAL HOOP,

129
00:06:10,871 --> 00:06:15,807
WHICH IS SCREWED ONTO THE DRUM
THROUGH THE METAL LUGS.

130
00:06:15,809 --> 00:06:17,209
THE DRUMHEAD IS THEN TIGHTENED

131
00:06:17,211 --> 00:06:19,411
AND TUNED TO ENSURE
EVEN TENSION AROUND

132
00:06:19,413 --> 00:06:21,246
THE HEAD USING A DRUM KEY.

133
00:06:23,350 --> 00:06:26,284
THE WIRE SNARES ATTACH DOWN
TO THE BOTTOM HEAD OF THE DRUM.

134
00:06:26,286 --> 00:06:29,020
THE SNARE WIRES STAY
IN CONTACT WITH THE DRUMHEAD

135
00:06:29,022 --> 00:06:31,356
AND VIBRATE
WHEN THE DRUM IS HIT.

136
00:06:31,358 --> 00:06:33,224
IT IS THIS THAT
GIVES A SNARE DRUM

137
00:06:33,226 --> 00:06:35,193
ITS UNIQUE, SNAPPY SOUND.

138
00:06:37,898 --> 00:06:41,767
THE FINAL STEP IS TO ATTACH
THE TOP DRUMHEAD AND TUNE IT.

139
00:06:41,769 --> 00:06:44,369
NOW, IT IS READY FOR A
THOROUGH TEST IN A DRUM ROOM.

140
00:06:52,446 --> 00:06:55,580
[ DRUM ROLL TO BACKBEAT ]

141
00:06:55,582 --> 00:06:57,515
SO THERE IT IS, THE SNARE DRUM.

142
00:06:57,517 --> 00:06:59,651
FROM MARCHING BAND
TO ROCKSTAR,

143
00:06:59,653 --> 00:07:03,522
IT REALLY IS
AN INCREDIBLE INVENTION.

144
00:07:03,524 --> 00:07:05,323
AFTER THE BREAK, WE EXPLORE,

145
00:07:05,325 --> 00:07:07,993
HOW DID A HAPPY ACCIDENT
DURING WORLD WAR II

146
00:07:07,995 --> 00:07:10,729
CREATE ONE OF AMERICA'S
MOST POPULAR TOYS?

147
00:07:22,476 --> 00:07:24,342
Narrator:
THE SLINKY, A METAL MARVEL

148
00:07:24,344 --> 00:07:27,946
THAT STILL CONTINUES
TO AMAZE YOUNG AND OLD ALIKE.

149
00:07:27,948 --> 00:07:31,283
BUT HOW IS THIS INNOCENT TOY
CONNECTED TO WORLD WAR II,

150
00:07:31,285 --> 00:07:34,352
AND WHAT IS THE AMAZING SCIENCE
BEHIND ITS STRANGE ABILITY

151
00:07:34,354 --> 00:07:37,088
TO WALK DOWN STAIRS?

152
00:07:37,090 --> 00:07:39,357
THE SIMPLE PRECOMPRESSED
HELICAL SPRING,

153
00:07:39,359 --> 00:07:40,758
THAT'S A COIL TO YOU AND ME,

154
00:07:40,760 --> 00:07:42,694
IS FIRST INVENTED
BY RICHARD JAMES WAY

155
00:07:42,696 --> 00:07:44,362
BACK IN THE EARLY 1940S

156
00:07:44,364 --> 00:07:47,632
WHILE HE'S WORKING
WITH THE US NAVY.

157
00:07:47,634 --> 00:07:49,034
AS PART OF THE WAR EFFORT,

158
00:07:49,036 --> 00:07:52,103
JAMES AND HIS TEAM ARE BUSY
BUILDING SPRING SHOCK ABSORBERS

159
00:07:52,105 --> 00:07:55,106
TO KEEP DELICATE NAVIGATION
INSTRUMENTS ON BOARD WARSHIPS

160
00:07:55,108 --> 00:07:57,975
SAFE AND FREE FROM DAMAGE,
EVEN IN THE HEAVIEST OF STORMS.

161
00:07:57,977 --> 00:08:02,780
THE SLINKY WAS AN ACCIDENTAL
INVENTION, IF YOU WILL.

162
00:08:02,782 --> 00:08:04,649
IT WAS DISCOVERED
BY RICHARD JAMES

163
00:08:04,651 --> 00:08:06,184
WHEN HE KNOCKED
OVER SOME SPRINGS.

164
00:08:06,186 --> 00:08:08,586
HE REALIZED THE WAY THAT
THEY WALKED ACROSS THE FLOOR

165
00:08:08,588 --> 00:08:10,455
COULD BE POSSIBLY
BECOMING A PRODUCT,

166
00:08:10,457 --> 00:08:12,857
AND THIS PRODUCT
BASICALLY WAS DESIGNED

167
00:08:12,859 --> 00:08:14,793
SUCH THAT YOU
COULD PLAY WITH IT.

168
00:08:14,795 --> 00:08:16,194
HE SHOWED IT TO A LOT
OF LITTLE KIDS.

169
00:08:16,196 --> 00:08:17,996
THE CHILDREN THERE LOVED IT,

170
00:08:17,998 --> 00:08:19,664
AND HE REALIZED
HE WAS ONTO A WINNER.

171
00:08:19,666 --> 00:08:21,198
Narrator: WITH THE EXCITEMENT
OF HIS INVENTION

172
00:08:21,200 --> 00:08:22,533
STILL FRESH IN HIS MIND,

173
00:08:22,535 --> 00:08:24,736
JAMES AND HIS WIFE BORROW $500

174
00:08:24,738 --> 00:08:26,537
AND SPEND THE NEXT YEAR
RESEARCHING

175
00:08:26,539 --> 00:08:27,739
AND DEVELOPING THE IDEA

176
00:08:27,741 --> 00:08:31,342
SO IT'S READY
FOR THE 1945 CHRISTMAS RUSH.

177
00:08:31,344 --> 00:08:33,878
AT FIRST, THE BIG
DEPARTMENT STORES ARE SKEPTICAL,

178
00:08:33,880 --> 00:08:36,414
SO JAMES TAKES INITIATIVE
BY DEMONSTRATING

179
00:08:36,416 --> 00:08:39,350
HIS CREATION TO SHOPPERS,

180
00:08:39,352 --> 00:08:42,153
AND BY THE END OF THE YEAR,
THE SLINKY IS THE MUST-HAVE

181
00:08:42,155 --> 00:08:46,290
TOY ALL ACROSS THE USA.

182
00:08:46,292 --> 00:08:49,493
THE SLINKY'S FORM MAY BE SIMPLE,
BUT DON'T UNDERESTIMATE

183
00:08:49,495 --> 00:08:52,897
THE COMPLICATED SCIENTIFIC
PRINCIPLES AT PLAY.

184
00:08:52,899 --> 00:08:55,300
NUDGE THE COILED SPRING
DOWN A FLIGHT OF STAIRS

185
00:08:55,302 --> 00:08:58,770
AND BE PREPARED
FOR A MAJOR PHYSICS LESSON.

186
00:08:58,772 --> 00:08:59,905
WITH A LIFE OF ITS OWN,

187
00:08:59,907 --> 00:09:01,506
THE TOY BEGINS TO MOVE BY

188
00:09:01,508 --> 00:09:03,642
INDEPENDENTLY
FALLING OVER ITSELF

189
00:09:03,644 --> 00:09:06,911
FROM ONE STEP TO THE NEXT
IN A FLUID MOVEMENT.

190
00:09:06,913 --> 00:09:09,447
THE SLINKY IS DEMONSTRATING
A NUMBER OF FORCES

191
00:09:09,449 --> 00:09:10,849
AS IT MOVES DOWN THE STEPS.

192
00:09:10,851 --> 00:09:13,250
FRICTION, INERTIA,

193
00:09:13,252 --> 00:09:15,653
MOMENTUM AND POTENTIAL
AND KINETIC ENERGY

194
00:09:15,655 --> 00:09:18,790
ARE ALL ACTING
ON THAT COILED SPRING.

195
00:09:18,792 --> 00:09:21,459
AT REST, THE SLINKY IS
STILL AND DOES NOT MOVE.

196
00:09:21,461 --> 00:09:23,194
THIS IS CALLED INERTIA,

197
00:09:23,196 --> 00:09:25,330
AND IS THE RESISTANCE
OF ANY PHYSICAL OBJECT

198
00:09:25,332 --> 00:09:29,200
TO CHANGE ITS STAGE
OF MOTION OR REST.

199
00:09:29,202 --> 00:09:31,803
INERTIA IS AIDED BY
THE EFFECTS OF FRICTION,

200
00:09:31,805 --> 00:09:34,205
A FORCE THAT RESISTS
THE MOVEMENT OF OBJECTS

201
00:09:34,207 --> 00:09:36,541
AS THEY SLIDE
AGAINST ONE ANOTHER.

202
00:09:36,543 --> 00:09:39,210
IN THE SLINKY'S CASE,
THE AIR THAT PASSES THROUGH IT

203
00:09:39,212 --> 00:09:42,814
AND THE CARPET
THAT COVERS THE STEPS.

204
00:09:42,816 --> 00:09:45,416
THE FACT THAT THE SLINKY
IS AT THE TOP OF THE STAIRS

205
00:09:45,418 --> 00:09:47,018
MEANS THE EFFECTS OF GRAVITY

206
00:09:47,020 --> 00:09:48,953
ARE STORED AS POTENTIAL ENERGY

207
00:09:48,955 --> 00:09:51,623
AS SPRING TENSION.

208
00:09:51,625 --> 00:09:54,359
IF THIS ENERGY IS RELEASED,
THE POTENTIAL ENERGY

209
00:09:54,361 --> 00:09:57,495
IS CONVERTED
TO KINETIC ENERGY,

210
00:09:57,497 --> 00:09:59,631
THE FORM OF ENERGY
GOVERNED BY MOTION,

211
00:09:59,633 --> 00:10:01,633
WHICH MEANS THE SLINKY
IS NOW MOVING.

212
00:10:01,635 --> 00:10:04,836
SO WHY DOES THE SLINKY
KEEP GOING?

213
00:10:04,838 --> 00:10:06,905
WELL, AS THE SLINKY
TAKES ITS DIVE DOWN

214
00:10:06,907 --> 00:10:11,376
THE FIRST STEP, IT STRETCHES,
THEREBY STORING ENERGY.

215
00:10:11,378 --> 00:10:12,977
THAT ENERGY REACHES A POINT

216
00:10:12,979 --> 00:10:14,846
WHERE IT MUST
PULL THE TAIL ALONG,

217
00:10:14,848 --> 00:10:18,049
FLIPPING IT OVER
TO THE NEXT STEP.

218
00:10:18,051 --> 00:10:19,784
NOW, MOMENTUM
COMES INTO PLAY.

219
00:10:19,786 --> 00:10:22,920
THIS FLIPPING ACTION CONTINUES
AS THE SLINKY'S MOMENTUM

220
00:10:22,922 --> 00:10:25,056
CANNOT BE STOPPED BY THE FORCES
ACTING AGAINST IT,

221
00:10:25,058 --> 00:10:27,525
FOR EXAMPLE THE FRICTION.

222
00:10:27,527 --> 00:10:29,194
OBJECTS WITH A LARGER MOMENTUM

223
00:10:29,196 --> 00:10:32,063
REQUIRE MORE ENERGY
TO MOVE AND TO STOP,

224
00:10:32,065 --> 00:10:33,330
WHILE THOSE WITH LOW MASS

225
00:10:33,332 --> 00:10:35,133
AND VELOCITY
HAVE LESS MOMENTUM,

226
00:10:35,135 --> 00:10:37,335
THUS THE GREATER
THE WEIGHT OF THE SLINKY

227
00:10:37,337 --> 00:10:39,537
AND THE DOWNWARD ANGLE
IN WHICH IT IS TRAVELING,

228
00:10:39,539 --> 00:10:40,939
THE GREATER THE MOMENTUM,

229
00:10:40,941 --> 00:10:42,607
WHICH IS WHY A METAL SLINKY

230
00:10:42,609 --> 00:10:44,142
IS BETTER AT TRAVELING
DOWN STAIRS

231
00:10:44,144 --> 00:10:45,810
THAN A PLASTIC ONE.

232
00:10:45,812 --> 00:10:48,613
THIS COMPLICATED BUT PLAYFUL
ACTION HAS CAPTIVATED CHILDREN

233
00:10:48,615 --> 00:10:52,884
EVER SINCE IT WAS FIRST
INTRODUCED OVER 70 YEARS AGO,

234
00:10:52,886 --> 00:10:56,154
AND ITS POPULARITY SHOWS
NO SIGNS OF DECLINING.

235
00:10:56,156 --> 00:10:57,555
ENOUGH SLINKYS HAVE BEEN SOLD

236
00:10:57,557 --> 00:11:01,226
TO GO AROUND THE EARTH
A STAGGERING 121 TIMES.

237
00:11:01,228 --> 00:11:04,229
THAT'S OVER 300 MILLION
INDIVIDUAL ITEMS.

238
00:11:04,231 --> 00:11:07,232
THEY'VE GONE TO SPACE
ON THE SHUTTLE

239
00:11:07,234 --> 00:11:09,367
AND BEEN USED BY US
TROOPS IN VIETNAM

240
00:11:09,369 --> 00:11:11,636
AS PORTABLE RADIO ANTENNAE.

241
00:11:15,241 --> 00:11:16,908
IT SEEMS THERE'S NO STOPPING

242
00:11:16,910 --> 00:11:18,643
THE EXCITEMENT OF THE OLD TOY.

243
00:11:18,645 --> 00:11:23,047
THE SLINKY, TRULY AN
INCREDIBLE INVENTION.

244
00:11:23,049 --> 00:11:25,450
COMING UP, A SPECIAL SLOW-MOTION

245
00:11:25,452 --> 00:11:26,584
EXPERIMENT THAT REVEALS

246
00:11:26,586 --> 00:11:29,120
JUST HOW THE SLINKY
ACTUALLY WORKS.

247
00:11:41,067 --> 00:11:43,667
♪♪

248
00:11:43,669 --> 00:11:45,403
Narrator: THE SLINKY MIGHT
HAVE BEEN FLYING --

249
00:11:45,405 --> 00:11:46,504
SHOULD THAT BE FLOATING? --

250
00:11:46,506 --> 00:11:48,606
OFF THE SHELVES
SINCE THE 1940S,

251
00:11:48,608 --> 00:11:51,876
BUT CAN IT ACTUALLY FLY --
OR MORE CORRECTLY, FLOAT?

252
00:11:51,878 --> 00:11:54,345
LET'S TRY AND FIND OUT.

253
00:11:54,347 --> 00:11:58,016
THE EXPERIMENT -- WE WILL DROP A
LARGE SLINKY FROM A GREAT HEIGHT

254
00:11:58,018 --> 00:12:00,618
AND FILM IT USING
A SPECIAL SLOW-MOTION CAMERA

255
00:12:00,620 --> 00:12:02,687
TO CAPTURE THE RESULTS.

256
00:12:02,689 --> 00:12:04,288
TO START, A LARGE BUILDING

257
00:12:04,290 --> 00:12:07,225
WITH EASY WINDOW ACCESS
TO ALLOW FOR VERY SCIENTIFIC

258
00:12:07,227 --> 00:12:10,895
DROPPING OF CLASSIC
CHILDREN'S TOY, CHECK.

259
00:12:10,897 --> 00:12:12,897
LARGE SLINKY, CHECK.

260
00:12:12,899 --> 00:12:14,565
SPECIAL SLOW-MOTION CAMERA

261
00:12:14,567 --> 00:12:15,900
FOCUSED AND EXPOSED

262
00:12:15,902 --> 00:12:18,036
AT THE ABSOLUTE PERFECT
SETTINGS TO CAPTURE

263
00:12:18,038 --> 00:12:20,705
OUR SPECTACULAR
SLINKY FALL, CHECK.

264
00:12:20,707 --> 00:12:22,707
OUR FEARLESS TESTER
ASCENDS THE STAIRS,

265
00:12:22,709 --> 00:12:26,911
TAKES POSITION AND IS ALL SET
FOR THE EXPERIMENT TO BEGIN.

266
00:12:26,913 --> 00:12:29,446
WITH HIS ARM STRETCHED OUT
AT A PERFECT 90 DEGREES

267
00:12:29,448 --> 00:12:31,783
TO HIS BODY,
HE LETS THE SLINKY UNRAVEL

268
00:12:31,785 --> 00:12:33,384
TO ITS FULLEST EXTENT

269
00:12:33,386 --> 00:12:35,520
WHILE EXPERTLY
HOLDING ONTO ONE END.

270
00:12:35,522 --> 00:12:36,921
HE SIGNALS THAT HE IS READY,

271
00:12:36,923 --> 00:12:40,325
AND A DISEMBODIED HAND
PRESSES RECORD ON THE CAMERA.

272
00:12:40,327 --> 00:12:42,593
THE TEST CAN BEGIN.

273
00:12:42,595 --> 00:12:44,462
OUR MAN LETS GO
OF THE SLINKY AND,

274
00:12:44,464 --> 00:12:47,599
LESS THAN 2 SECONDS LATER,
IT HITS THE GROUND.

275
00:12:47,601 --> 00:12:49,267
DID YOU SEE
THE SLINKY FLOAT?

276
00:12:49,269 --> 00:12:50,868
NO?

277
00:12:50,870 --> 00:12:53,238
NEITHER DID WE.
LET'S REVIEW THE TAPE.

278
00:12:55,809 --> 00:12:58,409
NOW, SEEN AT 150
FRAMES PER SECOND,

279
00:12:58,411 --> 00:13:01,012
WE CAN SEE SOMETHING
AMAZING HAPPEN.

280
00:13:01,014 --> 00:13:02,546
AS THE SLINKY IS RELEASED,

281
00:13:02,548 --> 00:13:04,482
THE TOP OF THE TOY
FALLS VERTICALLY,

282
00:13:04,484 --> 00:13:07,018
AS YOU WOULD EXPECT,
BUT LOOK AT THE BOTTOM.

283
00:13:07,020 --> 00:13:08,753
IT'S NOT MOVING.

284
00:13:08,755 --> 00:13:11,155
ASTONISHED?
WELL, WE ARE.

285
00:13:11,157 --> 00:13:13,691
BUT HOW IS THIS STEEL
SPRING CHEATING GRAVITY?

286
00:13:13,693 --> 00:13:16,761
AGAIN, SCIENCE
COMES TO OUR AID.

287
00:13:16,763 --> 00:13:18,229
BEFORE IT IS DROPPED,

288
00:13:18,231 --> 00:13:20,231
THE BOTTOM OF THE SLINKY
IS SUSPENDED,

289
00:13:20,233 --> 00:13:22,500
WITH GRAVITY PULLING IT DOWN
IN ONE DIRECTION

290
00:13:22,502 --> 00:13:25,169
AND THE SPRING'S TENSION
PULLING IT UP ON THE OTHER,

291
00:13:25,171 --> 00:13:26,971
SO EQUAL AND OPPOSITE FORCES

292
00:13:26,973 --> 00:13:29,107
ACT ON THE BOTTOM,
LEAVING IT MOTIONLESS.

293
00:13:29,109 --> 00:13:31,910
WHEN THE TOP IS RELEASED,
THE INFORMATION THAT THE TENSION

294
00:13:31,912 --> 00:13:33,444
HAS CHANGED TAKES A MOMENT

295
00:13:33,446 --> 00:13:35,580
TO REACH THE BOTTOM
OF THE SPRING.

296
00:13:35,582 --> 00:13:39,851
ONCE THE WEIGHT HITS
THE BOTTOM OF THE SLINKY,

297
00:13:39,853 --> 00:13:42,653
IT KNOWS TO FALL TO THE BOTTOM,
SO TO SPEAK.

298
00:13:42,655 --> 00:13:44,856
SO THERE YOU HAVE IT.
POINT PROVED.

299
00:13:44,858 --> 00:13:47,791
THE SLINKY CAN FLOAT,
WELL, SORT OF.

300
00:13:47,793 --> 00:13:49,060
AS WE SAID BEFORE,

301
00:13:49,062 --> 00:13:52,664
THE SLINKY REALLY IS
AN INCREDIBLE INVENTION.

302
00:13:54,033 --> 00:13:57,402
FENCING IS A SPORT OF PRECISION,
STYLE AND GRACE.

303
00:13:57,404 --> 00:14:00,070
WATCHING TWO WORLD-CLASS FENCERS
ON THE OLYMPIC STAGE

304
00:14:00,072 --> 00:14:01,739
IS SOMETHING TO BEHOLD.

305
00:14:01,741 --> 00:14:04,342
HOWEVER, IT IS A WORLD AWAY
FROM THE DARK HISTORY

306
00:14:04,344 --> 00:14:06,978
OF DUELING THAT WAS
THE PREDECESSOR OF THE SPORT.

307
00:14:09,482 --> 00:14:12,016
BEGINNING WITH PREHISTORIC CLUBS
AND SPEARS,

308
00:14:12,018 --> 00:14:15,753
ARMED COMBAT HAS BEEN AROUND
ALMOST AS LONG AS MANKIND.

309
00:14:15,755 --> 00:14:19,757
THROUGHOUT HISTORY, THERE ARE
PLENTY OF REFERENCES TO DUELS.

310
00:14:19,759 --> 00:14:21,826
WE'VE ALL HEARD
ABOUT ROMAN GLADIATORS,

311
00:14:21,828 --> 00:14:23,895
BUT IT IS PERHAPS
A LESSER-KNOWN FACT

312
00:14:23,897 --> 00:14:25,429
THAT ROMANS FREQUENTING BATHS

313
00:14:25,431 --> 00:14:27,165
OFTEN DUELED WITH STICKS,

314
00:14:27,167 --> 00:14:28,899
AN EARLY SIGN
OF WHAT WAS TO EVOLVE

315
00:14:28,901 --> 00:14:31,235
IN TO MODERN FENCING.

316
00:14:31,237 --> 00:14:33,437
DUELING IS THE ENGAGEMENT
IN COMBAT

317
00:14:33,439 --> 00:14:34,973
BETWEEN TWO INDIVIDUALS,

318
00:14:34,975 --> 00:14:36,574
BOTH WITH MATCHING WEAPONS

319
00:14:36,576 --> 00:14:38,910
AND OFTEN WITH
A SET OF PRE-AGREED RULES.

320
00:14:38,912 --> 00:14:40,845
DUELS ARE FOUGHT
AS A WAY OF REGAINING

321
00:14:40,847 --> 00:14:42,446
OR RETAINING A SENSE OF HONOR,

322
00:14:42,448 --> 00:14:45,249
AS OPPOSED TO NECESSARILY
KILLING THE OPPONENT.

323
00:14:45,251 --> 00:14:48,118
ROMAN SOLDIERS ARE TRAINED
TO THRUST INSTEAD OF CUT,

324
00:14:48,120 --> 00:14:49,520
AS A RAISED-ARM
CUTTING MOTION

325
00:14:49,522 --> 00:14:51,656
WOULD EXPOSE VITAL ORGANS
TO THE ENEMY.

326
00:14:51,658 --> 00:14:55,727
THIS THRUST IS THE BASIS
OF MODERN FENCING TECHNIQUE.

327
00:14:55,729 --> 00:14:57,061
BY THE 14TH CENTURY,

328
00:14:57,063 --> 00:14:58,730
SWORD-FIGHTING SCHOOLS
ARE COMMON

329
00:14:58,732 --> 00:15:00,331
IN MANY EUROPEAN COUNTRIES.

330
00:15:00,333 --> 00:15:02,800
THESE ESTABLISHED A CORRECT WAY
TO FIGHT WITH A SWORD,

331
00:15:02,802 --> 00:15:06,670
AND THE INABILITY TO DO
SO IS SEEN AS UNGENTLEMANLY.

332
00:15:07,874 --> 00:15:10,674
IT WAS A FENCING INSTRUCTOR
CALLED GEORGE DE SILVA

333
00:15:10,676 --> 00:15:13,744
WHO ACTUALLY SAID THAT,
IF A MAN CARRIES A SWORD

334
00:15:13,746 --> 00:15:15,413
BUT CANNOT USE IT,

335
00:15:15,415 --> 00:15:17,481
IT'S AS FULL RIDICULOUS
AS A MAN

336
00:15:17,483 --> 00:15:19,484
WHO CARRIES BOOKS
BUT CANNOT READ.

337
00:15:19,486 --> 00:15:21,019
Narrator: BY THE 19TH CENTURY,

338
00:15:21,021 --> 00:15:23,955
AS DUELS BECOME LESS COMMON
AND ACTIVELY DISCOURAGED,

339
00:15:23,957 --> 00:15:26,958
FENCING IS INCREASINGLY
RECOGNIZED AS A SPORT.

340
00:15:26,960 --> 00:15:30,160
SLOWLY, THE COMBATIVE
ASPECT OF FENCING FADES

341
00:15:30,162 --> 00:15:32,830
UNTIL WE ARE LEFT WITH
THE PURE SPORT OF TODAY.

342
00:15:32,832 --> 00:15:36,634
IT BECOMES AN OLYMPIC
SPORT IN 1896.

343
00:15:36,636 --> 00:15:38,702
AFTER THE BREAK,
WE GET STRAIGHT TO THE POINT

344
00:15:38,704 --> 00:15:41,339
AND SEE HOW A MODERN
FENCING SWORD IS CRAFTED.

345
00:15:52,985 --> 00:15:54,451
Narrator:
MODERN OLYMPIC-STANDARD FENCING

346
00:15:54,453 --> 00:15:56,187
IS BROKEN INTO THREE CATEGORIES,

347
00:15:56,189 --> 00:15:57,989
EACH REFERRING
TO THE WEAPON USED,

348
00:15:57,991 --> 00:16:00,724
AND EACH WITH THEIR OWN
DIFFERING SET OF RULES.

349
00:16:00,726 --> 00:16:03,594
FOIL FENCING USES
A LIGHT AND FLEXIBLE SWORD.

350
00:16:03,596 --> 00:16:05,396
ARMS AND LEGS AREN'T
ALLOWED TO BE TARGETED,

351
00:16:05,398 --> 00:16:07,264
SO ALL OF THE ACTION TAKES PLACE

352
00:16:07,266 --> 00:16:10,601
WITH ACCURATE THRUSTS
TO THE TORSO, NECK AND GROIN.

353
00:16:10,603 --> 00:16:12,803
EPEE IS SIMILAR,
BUT THE SWORD IS HEAVIER

354
00:16:12,805 --> 00:16:14,405
AND THE WHOLE BODY
CAN BE TARGETED.

355
00:16:14,407 --> 00:16:16,807
SABRE FENCING
ONLY ALLOWS ATHLETES

356
00:16:16,809 --> 00:16:18,276
TO TARGET ABOVE THE WAIST

357
00:16:18,278 --> 00:16:20,544
AND USES A LIGHT,
CUTTING SABER SWORD.

358
00:16:20,546 --> 00:16:23,281
TODAY, BECAUSE OF THE HIGH-SPEED
NATURE OF THE SPORT,

359
00:16:23,283 --> 00:16:24,682
AND TO ENSURE ACCURACY,

360
00:16:24,684 --> 00:16:26,617
ALL JUDGING IS DONE
ELECTRONICALLY.

361
00:16:26,619 --> 00:16:28,218
ONE OF THE LEADING PRODUCERS

362
00:16:28,220 --> 00:16:29,887
OF MODERN
OLYMPIC FENCING EQUIPMENT

363
00:16:29,889 --> 00:16:31,822
IS LONDON-BASED LEON PAUL.

364
00:16:31,824 --> 00:16:35,159
SO WE'VE BEEN PRODUCING
FENCING EQUIPMENT FOR 96 YEARS,

365
00:16:35,161 --> 00:16:36,828
BUT WE'VE BEEN CREATING SWORDS

366
00:16:36,830 --> 00:16:39,830
AND FORGING THE BLADES
FOR ABOUT 60 YEARS NOW.

367
00:16:39,832 --> 00:16:44,702
Narrator:
SO HOW ARE THESE INCREDIBLE
INVENTIONS ACTUALLY MADE?

368
00:16:44,704 --> 00:16:47,704
THERE ARE MANY INDIVIDUAL
PROCESSES INVOLVED IN PRODUCING

369
00:16:47,706 --> 00:16:50,441
AN OLYMPIC-STANDARD
FENCING SWORD.

370
00:16:50,443 --> 00:16:52,977
IT BEGINS WITH
MARAGING STEEL,

371
00:16:52,979 --> 00:16:55,045
A METAL OF SUPERIOR STRENGTH
AND TOUGHNESS,

372
00:16:55,047 --> 00:16:57,648
YET THAT HAS A HIGH LEVEL
OF MALLEABILITY.

373
00:16:57,650 --> 00:17:00,852
WE USE MARAGING STEEL
FOR THE OLYMPIC BLADES,

374
00:17:00,854 --> 00:17:03,387
AND THAT'S BECAUSE IT HAS
VERY LITTLE CARBON IN,

375
00:17:03,389 --> 00:17:06,257
AND THAT MEANS LESS FLAWS
ARE LIKELY TO PROPAGATE,

376
00:17:06,259 --> 00:17:07,725
AND THAT MEANS THAT
IT'S GOING TO LAST

377
00:17:07,727 --> 00:17:09,327
A VERY LONG PERIOD OF TIME.

378
00:17:09,329 --> 00:17:11,128
Narrator:
THE STEEL IS FIRST CUT

379
00:17:11,130 --> 00:17:12,997
TO THE CORRECT LENGTH
USING A SAW.

380
00:17:12,999 --> 00:17:16,734
THIS PARTICULAR AUTOMATED SAW
CAN CUT MANY BLADES AT A TIME

381
00:17:16,736 --> 00:17:19,870
TO PRECISELY THE RIGHT
MEASUREMENTS NEEDED.

382
00:17:19,872 --> 00:17:22,874
ONCE CUT, THE AREA OF THE BLADE
THAT WILL FORM THE HANDLE

383
00:17:22,876 --> 00:17:25,742
IS THEN HEATED TO FORM
WHAT IS KNOWN AS THE TANG.

384
00:17:25,744 --> 00:17:28,679
THESE TANGS ARE ROUNDED
AND ALLOW FOR COMFORTABLE GRIP

385
00:17:28,681 --> 00:17:32,350
OR THE ADDITION OF A MOLDED
OR WOODEN HANDLE.

386
00:17:32,352 --> 00:17:34,886
THE BLADE IS THEN TAKEN
TO THE MAIN FORGE,

387
00:17:34,888 --> 00:17:36,354
WHERE IT IS HEATED
TO APPROXIMATELY

388
00:17:36,356 --> 00:17:38,288
1,500 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT,

389
00:17:38,290 --> 00:17:40,091
USING RADIOFREQUENCY COILS,

390
00:17:40,093 --> 00:17:43,094
MUCH LIKE THE HEATING PROCESS
IN A MICROWAVE.

391
00:17:43,096 --> 00:17:44,495
ONCE THE METAL IS RED-HOT,

392
00:17:44,497 --> 00:17:47,664
ROWS AND ROWS OF VERY STRONG
HAMMERS THIN THE BLADE OUT

393
00:17:47,666 --> 00:17:49,033
TO THE CORRECT PROPORTIONS

394
00:17:49,035 --> 00:17:51,969
TO PRODUCE
THE PERFECT FOIL SHAPE.

395
00:17:51,971 --> 00:17:53,971
NOW FORMED,
THE BLADE IS BEGINNING

396
00:17:53,973 --> 00:17:56,440
TO RESEMBLE A RECOGNIZABLE FOIL.

397
00:17:56,442 --> 00:17:57,975
THE METAL IS THEN HEAT TREATED.

398
00:17:57,977 --> 00:18:03,848
THIS IS VITAL TO PRODUCING
A GREAT-QUALITY BLADE.

399
00:18:03,850 --> 00:18:06,451
BECAUSE THE STEEL CAN BECOME
BRITTLE IN THE FORGING PROCESS,

400
00:18:06,453 --> 00:18:09,720
HEAT TREATING RESTRENGTHENS
THE METAL AND ALSO INCREASES

401
00:18:09,722 --> 00:18:15,659
ITS FLEXIBILITY AND LONGEVITY.

402
00:18:15,661 --> 00:18:19,063
THE WORLD RECORD
FOR THE LONGEST LIFESPAN

403
00:18:19,065 --> 00:18:22,666
OF A BLADE
IS ABOUT 37,000 CYCLES,

404
00:18:22,668 --> 00:18:24,601
SO THAT'S 37,000 HITS,

405
00:18:24,603 --> 00:18:27,405
AND THAT RECORD IS ACTUALLY HELD
BY A LEON PAUL BLADE.

406
00:18:28,607 --> 00:18:30,274
Narrator: THE SURFACE OF THE
BLADE IS THEN FINISHED,

407
00:18:30,276 --> 00:18:31,609
FIRST IN A GRINDING MACHINE

408
00:18:31,611 --> 00:18:32,877
WHICH GIVES IT A SMOOTH FINISH.

409
00:18:39,953 --> 00:18:41,218
NOW THE BLADE CONTINUES

410
00:18:41,220 --> 00:18:43,087
THROUGH THE SHOT
PEENING PROCESS.

411
00:18:43,089 --> 00:18:45,289
THIS FIRES SMALL BEADS OF GLASS
AT THE STEEL

412
00:18:45,291 --> 00:18:48,359
THAT CREATE A COMPOSITE RESIDUAL
STRESS LAYER IN ADDITION

413
00:18:48,361 --> 00:18:52,029
TO INCREASING ITS SHEEN.

414
00:18:52,031 --> 00:18:54,031
THE BLADE IS TAKEN
TO BE LASER ENGRAVED

415
00:18:54,033 --> 00:18:55,566
WITH THE LEON PAUL STAMP,

416
00:18:55,568 --> 00:18:57,034
SHOWING WHEN AND WHERE
IT WAS MADE

417
00:18:57,036 --> 00:18:59,370
AS WELL AS THE GRADE OF STEEL.

418
00:19:05,044 --> 00:19:06,677
A WIRE THAT CONNECTS
THE ELECTRONIC

419
00:19:06,679 --> 00:19:09,580
TIP OF THE BLADE TO THE SENSOR
IS FITTED WITH GLUE,

420
00:19:09,582 --> 00:19:11,249
COMPLETING THE
BLADE-MAKING PROCESS.

421
00:19:11,251 --> 00:19:17,188
IT IS NOW TIME TO CREATE
THE GUARD OF THE SWORD.

422
00:19:17,190 --> 00:19:19,590
THIS IS MADE FROM
AN ALUMINUM SHEET,

423
00:19:19,592 --> 00:19:22,059
WHICH IS BENT TO SHAPE
USING A HYDRAULIC PRESS,

424
00:19:22,061 --> 00:19:23,928
WHICH FORMS THE PERFECT
ROUNDED SHAPE

425
00:19:23,930 --> 00:19:25,596
FOR PROTECTING
THE HAND OF THE USER.

426
00:19:25,598 --> 00:19:29,734
IT IS THEN RIVETED IN ORDER
TO REINFORCE THE BASE

427
00:19:29,736 --> 00:19:32,136
BEFORE BEING STAMPED
WITH THE LEON PAUL LOGO.

428
00:19:34,673 --> 00:19:35,673
THE BASE IS THEN POLISHED

429
00:19:35,675 --> 00:19:37,275
BY RUNNING WATER
OVER THE METAL,

430
00:19:37,277 --> 00:19:38,743
SCRUBBING IT WITH CHINA

431
00:19:38,745 --> 00:19:41,145
AND FINISHING IT OFF
UNDER THE POLISHING WHEEL.

432
00:19:44,016 --> 00:19:46,483
NOW THAT WE HAVE A FINISHED
BLADE AND GUARD TO MATCH,

433
00:19:46,485 --> 00:19:48,819
IT ALL NEEDS TO BE ASSEMBLED
INTO A FULL SWORD.

434
00:19:48,821 --> 00:19:52,956
THE ELECTRONIC WIRES ATTACH
TO THE ELECTRONIC SOCKET,

435
00:19:52,958 --> 00:19:54,358
MEANING THE SWORD
IS NOW EQUIPPED

436
00:19:54,360 --> 00:19:56,093
TO SCORE ELECTRONICALLY.

437
00:19:56,095 --> 00:19:59,029
THIS IS FITTED ALONG WITH
A CUSHION PAD AND HANDLE.

438
00:19:59,031 --> 00:20:03,033
THE HANDLE CAN BE CUSTOM-MADE
USING A 3-D PRINTER OR BE FITTED

439
00:20:03,035 --> 00:20:04,701
WITH A MORE TRADITIONAL
WOODEN HANDLE

440
00:20:04,703 --> 00:20:06,504
THAT HAS BEEN
HAND-WRAPPED IN LEATHER.

441
00:20:06,506 --> 00:20:10,107
THE SWORD IS THEN TESTED
TO ENSURE IT CONFORMS

442
00:20:10,109 --> 00:20:11,976
WITH ALL THE OFFICIAL
REGULATIONS.

443
00:20:15,648 --> 00:20:16,847
THE FENCING SWORD,

444
00:20:16,849 --> 00:20:19,350
CERTAINLY AN
INCREDIBLE INVENTION.

445
00:20:21,387 --> 00:20:22,386
SO THERE YOU HAVE IT,

446
00:20:22,388 --> 00:20:23,520
A GLANCE THROUGH
THE HIDDEN HISTORY

447
00:20:23,522 --> 00:20:25,589
AND SUPER SCIENCE
OF SOME AMAZING PRODUCTS

448
00:20:25,591 --> 00:20:27,391
WE USE EVERY DAY,

449
00:20:27,393 --> 00:20:32,396
THE DRUM, THE SLINKY,
AND THE FENCING SWORD.

450
00:20:32,398 --> 00:20:34,398
THEY MAY SEEM COMMON
AND ORDINARY,

451
00:20:34,400 --> 00:20:36,600
HOWEVER, THESE PRODUCES
HELPED CHANGE THE WORLD

452
00:20:36,602 --> 00:20:40,304
ONE INCREDIBLE INVENTION
AT A TIME.