1
00:00:01,835 --> 00:00:03,969
Narrator:
AROUND THE WORLD,
THE RACE TO WIN WARS
2
00:00:03,971 --> 00:00:06,238
AND EXPLORE THE UNIVERSE
HAS CREATED SOME
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00:00:06,240 --> 00:00:09,108
OF THE MOST INCREDIBLE
PRODUCTS EVER DESIGNED
4
00:00:09,110 --> 00:00:10,843
AND WE USE THEM EVERY DAY,
5
00:00:10,845 --> 00:00:13,311
UNAWARE OF THEIR
AMAZING ORIGINS.
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[ STATIC CRACKLES ]
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00:00:14,315 --> 00:00:16,581
ON "INCREDIBLE INVENTIONS"...
8
00:00:16,583 --> 00:00:18,049
THE COMPUTER,
9
00:00:18,051 --> 00:00:20,652
DEVELOPED BY WORLD WAR II
MILITARY ENGINEERS,
10
00:00:20,654 --> 00:00:24,923
BUT SO SIMPLE EVEN
A CHILD CAN USE IT.
11
00:00:24,925 --> 00:00:26,525
THE FRISBEE,
12
00:00:26,527 --> 00:00:31,463
HOW A PIE TIN IS TRANSFORMED
BY A FIGHTER PILOT.
13
00:00:31,465 --> 00:00:32,798
SILVERWARE,
14
00:00:32,800 --> 00:00:37,035
HOW USEFUL TOOLS AND WEAPONS
ARE ADAPTED FOR DINING.
15
00:00:37,037 --> 00:00:38,203
WE REVEAL
16
00:00:38,205 --> 00:00:40,272
THE AMAZING HISTORY
AND ENGINEERING
17
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BEHIND THESE
INCREDIBLE INVENTIONS.
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♪♪
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-- Captions by VITAC --
www.vitac.com
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CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY
DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS
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♪♪
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[ STATIC CRACKLES ]
23
00:01:01,361 --> 00:01:04,696
COMPUTERS HAVE BECOME SUCH
AN EVERYDAY PART OF OUR WORLD,
24
00:01:04,698 --> 00:01:07,232
IT'S DIFFICULT TO BELIEVE
THAT JUST 50 YEARS AGO
25
00:01:07,234 --> 00:01:11,103
THEY WERE ONLY AVAILABLE
TO A SELECT FEW.
26
00:01:11,105 --> 00:01:12,437
AND THEIR CALCULATING POWER
27
00:01:12,439 --> 00:01:13,972
WAS JUST A FRACTION OF TODAY'S
28
00:01:13,974 --> 00:01:15,941
SIMPLEST CELL PHONES.
29
00:01:18,178 --> 00:01:21,045
BUT IT'S IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND
THAT THE WORD "COMPUTER"
30
00:01:21,047 --> 00:01:22,780
HAS A DIFFERENT POPULAR
MEANING TODAY
31
00:01:22,782 --> 00:01:27,119
THAN IT DOES OVER
HALF A CENTURY AGO.
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00:01:27,121 --> 00:01:29,121
THE WORD "COMPUTER"
IS FIRST INTRODUCED
33
00:01:29,123 --> 00:01:30,788
IN THE 17th CENTURY
34
00:01:30,790 --> 00:01:33,325
AND LITERALLY MEANS,
"ONE WHO COMPUTES,"
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00:01:33,327 --> 00:01:36,995
IN OTHER WORDS,
MAKES CALCULATIONS.
36
00:01:36,997 --> 00:01:38,429
MECHANICAL COMPUTING MACHINES
37
00:01:38,431 --> 00:01:42,201
COME INTO EXISTENCE
AS EARLY AS THE 19th CENTURY,
38
00:01:42,203 --> 00:01:45,003
BUT ELECTRONIC DEVICES
WE KNOW TODAY
39
00:01:45,005 --> 00:01:46,905
DON'T EMERGE
UNTIL WORLD WAR II.
40
00:01:49,276 --> 00:01:51,343
THAT'S WHEN ALAN TURING
AND HIS TEAM
41
00:01:51,345 --> 00:01:53,946
AT THE SECRET BLETCHLEY PARK
DECODING SITE IN ENGLAND
42
00:01:53,948 --> 00:01:57,149
IS TASKED WITH DECODING
THE GERMAN ENIGMA MACHINE
43
00:01:57,151 --> 00:02:01,886
TO GAIN AN EDGE IN THE ATLANTIC
AGAINST HITLER'S U-BOATS.
44
00:02:01,888 --> 00:02:03,355
Halliday: HE WAS PROBABLY
THE FIRST PERSON
45
00:02:03,357 --> 00:02:07,358
TO REALIZE THAT
BY SETTING UP A MACHINE,
46
00:02:07,360 --> 00:02:10,829
WE'D BE ABLE TO COMBAT
OR BE ABLE TO PRODUCE SOMETHING,
47
00:02:10,831 --> 00:02:13,198
WHICH WOULD PRODUCE THE RESULTS,
48
00:02:13,200 --> 00:02:15,834
WHICH WOULD EQUAL FAR MANY
MORE BRAINS, ET CETERA.
49
00:02:15,836 --> 00:02:20,038
BUT, SO IN A WAY, THIS WAS THE
ORIGINS OF THE FIRST COMPUTER.
50
00:02:20,040 --> 00:02:22,574
Narrator:
THIS LEADS TO THE DEVELOPMENT
OF THE COLOSSUS,
51
00:02:22,576 --> 00:02:25,978
THE WORLD'S FIRST PROGRAMMABLE
ELECTRONIC COMPUTER.
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00:02:28,515 --> 00:02:30,916
IT CAN DECIPHER EVEN
THE MOST COMPLEX CODES,
53
00:02:30,918 --> 00:02:34,319
KEEPING THE ALLIES
ONE STEP AHEAD OF THE NAZIS.
54
00:02:34,321 --> 00:02:35,820
FAST FORWARD 50 YEARS,
55
00:02:35,822 --> 00:02:38,123
AND SIT IN FRONT OF
ANY COMPUTER OR LAPTOP.
56
00:02:38,125 --> 00:02:39,791
YOU PROBABLY TAKE
FOR GRANTED
57
00:02:39,793 --> 00:02:42,460
THE INCREDIBLE POWER
BEHIND MICROPROCESSORS
58
00:02:42,462 --> 00:02:45,998
BUZZING INSIDE THE DEVICE.
59
00:02:46,000 --> 00:02:48,000
MICROPROCESSOR TECHNOLOGY MEANS
60
00:02:48,002 --> 00:02:49,735
THAT CREDIT-CARD-SIZED COMPUTERS
61
00:02:49,737 --> 00:02:51,670
CAN NOW BE PRODUCED
WITH A PROCESSING POWER
62
00:02:51,672 --> 00:02:53,137
THOUSANDS OF TIMES
63
00:02:53,139 --> 00:02:55,007
BETTER THAN THOSE USED
IN THE WAR
64
00:02:55,009 --> 00:02:58,277
AND THOUSANDS OF TIMES
CHEAPER, TOO.
65
00:02:58,279 --> 00:03:00,545
THESE ADVANCEMENTS
ARE PERFECTLY HIGHLIGHTED
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00:03:00,547 --> 00:03:03,014
BY THE BRITISH
MADE RASPBERRY PI,
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00:03:03,016 --> 00:03:04,483
A SINGLE-BOARD COMPUTER
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00:03:04,485 --> 00:03:10,755
CREATED TO TEACH BASIC
COMPUTER SCIENCE IN SCHOOLS.
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00:03:10,757 --> 00:03:12,591
WHAT MAKES
THE RASPBERRY PI COMPUTER
70
00:03:12,593 --> 00:03:15,026
SO UNIQUE IS IT'S SIMPLICITY,
71
00:03:15,028 --> 00:03:19,364
WHICH MEANS THEY CAN
BE PRODUCED RAPIDLY.
72
00:03:19,366 --> 00:03:24,836
AMAZINGLY, ONE RASPBERRY PI
IS BUILT EVERY 7.5 SECONDS.
73
00:03:26,707 --> 00:03:29,707
THE IDEA BEHIND THE PRODUCTION
PROCESS IS SIMPLE.
74
00:03:29,709 --> 00:03:31,843
YOU ATTACH COMPONENTS
TO A PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD,
75
00:03:31,845 --> 00:03:33,111
OR PCB FOR SHORT,
76
00:03:33,113 --> 00:03:35,513
WITH SOLDER IN ORDER
TO CREATE A MECHANICAL
77
00:03:35,515 --> 00:03:37,849
AND ELECTRONICALLY
CONDUCTED JOINT.
78
00:03:40,520 --> 00:03:42,320
THE PCBS ARE MOUNTED
ON A PANEL
79
00:03:42,322 --> 00:03:44,589
OF SIX RASPBERRY PIs.
80
00:03:44,591 --> 00:03:46,191
THIS ENSURES MINIMAL CONTACT
81
00:03:46,193 --> 00:03:47,525
WHEN HANDLING AND PROVIDES
82
00:03:47,527 --> 00:03:49,193
A WASTE EDGE
AROUND THE BOARDS,
83
00:03:49,195 --> 00:03:50,395
THAT THE MACHINES CAN USE
84
00:03:50,397 --> 00:03:54,266
TO CLAMP THE PANEL
FIRMLY INTO PLACE.
85
00:03:54,268 --> 00:03:56,868
THE BAR LAMINATED
PCBs ARE SCREEN PRINTED
86
00:03:56,870 --> 00:03:59,871
WITH SOLDER PASTE
USING A HUNDRED MICRON STENCIL.
87
00:03:59,873 --> 00:04:01,339
WHEN THE STENCIL IS REMOVED,
88
00:04:01,341 --> 00:04:04,743
TINY PRINTS OF SOLDER
ARE LEFT ON THE BOARD.
89
00:04:04,745 --> 00:04:07,412
THE MACHINE PERFORMS
AN AUTOMATED OPTICAL CHECK
90
00:04:07,414 --> 00:04:12,684
IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE PRINTING
VIA A GRAYSCALE COMPARATOR.
91
00:04:12,686 --> 00:04:14,019
IF ANY PRINTS
ARE MISSING,
92
00:04:14,021 --> 00:04:19,091
THE PIECE CAN BE EASILY
REMOVED AND THE PCB REPRINTED.
93
00:04:19,093 --> 00:04:21,026
AFTER THE PRINTER
HAS BEEN VERIFIED,
94
00:04:21,028 --> 00:04:24,162
THE BOARDS ARE MOVED INTO
AN SMT MOUNTING MACHINE
95
00:04:24,164 --> 00:04:27,165
WHERE THE SURFACE-MOUNT
COMPONENTS OF THE PI ARE ADDED.
96
00:04:27,167 --> 00:04:29,835
SMT STANDS FOR SURFACE
MOUNT TECHNOLOGY
97
00:04:29,837 --> 00:04:33,104
AND IS A METHOD FOR PRODUCING
ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS.
98
00:04:33,106 --> 00:04:36,008
EACH OF THE TINY PARTS ARE
IN POCKETS ON THE REEL OF TAPE.
99
00:04:38,245 --> 00:04:41,245
A VACUUM NOZZLE PICKS THEM,
THEN SPINS ROUND
100
00:04:41,247 --> 00:04:45,450
AND PLACES THEM ON THE PCB.
101
00:04:45,452 --> 00:04:46,718
ONCE THE PARTS
HAVE BEEN PLACED,
102
00:04:46,720 --> 00:04:49,587
EVERYTHING MUST BE
SOLDERED INTO POSITION.
103
00:04:49,589 --> 00:04:51,456
THIS IS DONE IN AN AIRFLOW OVEN,
104
00:04:51,458 --> 00:04:52,390
WHICH BAKES THE BOARDS
105
00:04:52,392 --> 00:04:54,192
AND HEATS THE TINY BALLS
OF SOLDER
106
00:04:54,194 --> 00:04:55,994
TO FUSE THEM TO THE COMPONENT,
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00:04:55,996 --> 00:04:58,430
THE PCB, AND EACH OTHER.
108
00:05:02,669 --> 00:05:05,136
ANOTHER AUTOMATIC OPTICAL
INSPECTION IS NOW CARRIED OUT.
109
00:05:05,138 --> 00:05:07,939
HIGH-RESOLUTION CAMERAS
CHECK THE PCBs
110
00:05:07,941 --> 00:05:10,475
AND ARE THEN MOVED
INTO ANOTHER SMT LINE
111
00:05:10,477 --> 00:05:11,943
WHERE THE PROCESS IS REPEATED
112
00:05:11,945 --> 00:05:13,712
ON THE OTHER SIDE
OF THE BOARDS.
113
00:05:17,084 --> 00:05:19,751
AFTER ONE MORE JOURNEY
INTO THE AIRFLOW OVEN
114
00:05:19,753 --> 00:05:21,219
AND ANOTHER OPTICAL INSPECTION,
115
00:05:21,221 --> 00:05:22,354
IT IS NOW TIME FOR THE BOARDS
116
00:05:22,356 --> 00:05:24,756
TO BE MOVED ONTO
THE HAND MOUNTING LINE.
117
00:05:26,693 --> 00:05:28,760
HERE, ALL THE LARGER
THROUGH-HOLE COMPONENTS
118
00:05:28,762 --> 00:05:32,497
ARE DELICATELY ADDED BY HAND
TO THE RASPBERRY PI's PCB.
119
00:05:34,434 --> 00:05:36,968
THEY INCLUDE USB
AND ETHERNET SOCKETS.
120
00:05:39,773 --> 00:05:40,972
THE BOARDS
ARE THEN PASSED THROUGH
121
00:05:40,974 --> 00:05:42,441
A WAVE SOLDERING MACHINE,
122
00:05:42,443 --> 00:05:43,909
WHERE THE COMPONENTS ARE
PERMANENTLY SOLDERED
123
00:05:43,911 --> 00:05:45,777
TO THE BOARD.
124
00:05:45,779 --> 00:05:47,979
THIS MOLTEN-LAVA
LOOKING SOLDER IS HEATED
125
00:05:47,981 --> 00:05:52,584
AND PASSED UNDER THE BOARD
IN WAVES OF METALLIC LIQUID.
126
00:05:52,586 --> 00:05:54,386
THE HEIGHT OF THE WAVE
IS CAREFULLY MANAGED
127
00:05:54,388 --> 00:05:56,588
TO ENSURE A QUALITY JOINT.
128
00:05:56,590 --> 00:05:58,123
GREAT SKILL AND EXPERT JUDGEMENT
129
00:05:58,125 --> 00:06:02,126
ARE NEEDED TO GET
THIS EXACTLY RIGHT.
130
00:06:02,128 --> 00:06:04,395
WITH THIS DONE,
THE PIs ARE FULLY ASSEMBLED
131
00:06:04,397 --> 00:06:07,199
AND READY FOR MANUAL INSPECTION.
132
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THIS TAKES ABOUT 30 SECONDS
PER BOARD.
133
00:06:11,271 --> 00:06:13,672
THE BOARDS ARE THEN PASSED OVER
TO THE TEST STATION
134
00:06:13,674 --> 00:06:14,806
WHERE THE PIs ARE TESTED
135
00:06:14,808 --> 00:06:18,343
USING IN-HOUSE-DEVELOPED
CUSTOM TESTING EQUIPMENT.
136
00:06:18,345 --> 00:06:20,478
HERE, THE BOARDS ARE
BROKEN OUT OF THE PANEL
137
00:06:20,480 --> 00:06:23,415
AND PLACED
ONTO THE TESTING UNIT.
138
00:06:23,417 --> 00:06:24,883
EACH STATION HAS TWO UNITS
139
00:06:24,885 --> 00:06:27,018
THAT ARE USED
FOR LOADING AND UNLOADING,
140
00:06:27,020 --> 00:06:28,820
AND THE OTHER IS USED
TO RUN THE TEST
141
00:06:28,822 --> 00:06:31,222
AND ALSO PROGRAM
THE VARIOUS SET-UP CODES,
142
00:06:31,224 --> 00:06:33,425
INCLUDING THE MODEL NUMBER
AND PLACE OF ORIGIN.
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I THINK RASPBERRY PI IS
A GOOD EXAMPLE
144
00:06:37,364 --> 00:06:39,231
OF WHERE COMPUTERS ARE GOING.
AND COMPUTERS
145
00:06:39,233 --> 00:06:41,833
ARE BECOMING CHEAPER.
COMPUTERS ARE BECOMING SMALLER.
146
00:06:41,835 --> 00:06:43,702
COMPUTERS ARE CONSUMING
LESS POWER.
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00:06:43,704 --> 00:06:45,703
THE INTERESTING THING
ABOUT RASPBERRY PI 2,
148
00:06:45,705 --> 00:06:47,305
WHICH WE JUST LAUNCHED
AND WHICH IS ABOUT SIX TIMES
149
00:06:47,307 --> 00:06:49,441
AS POWERFUL AS THE
ORIGINAL RASPBERRY PI,
150
00:06:49,443 --> 00:06:51,309
IS THAT IT ACTUALLY
CROSSES OVER THAT LINE
151
00:06:51,311 --> 00:06:53,578
INTO BEING A USABLE
GENERAL-PURPOSE PC.
152
00:06:53,580 --> 00:06:55,113
YOU CAN IMAGINE
BUYING ONE OF THESE
153
00:06:55,115 --> 00:06:57,449
INSTEAD OF A PC
TO BE THE MACHINE
154
00:06:57,451 --> 00:06:58,850
THAT YOU HAVE AT HOME
TO SURF THE WEB
155
00:06:58,852 --> 00:07:01,186
OR CHECK E-MAIL
OR WATCH VIDEOS OFF.
156
00:07:01,188 --> 00:07:04,322
Narrator:
EVERY RASPBERRY PI IS PLACED
INTO AN ANTISTATIC BAG ALONG
157
00:07:04,324 --> 00:07:06,291
WITH THE CUSTOMER'S
SPECIFIC PACKAGING.
158
00:07:08,461 --> 00:07:10,595
AND THE FINISHED COMPUTERS
ARE SENT OFF TO BE DISTRIBUTED
159
00:07:10,597 --> 00:07:13,698
TO THE GROWING MILLIONS
OF USERS AROUND THE GLOBE.
160
00:07:16,003 --> 00:07:18,003
FROM THE COMPLEX
WORLD OF COMPUTING
161
00:07:18,005 --> 00:07:21,072
TO THE SIMPLE PLEASURES
OF A CLASSIC AMERICAN TOY,
162
00:07:21,074 --> 00:07:22,774
WHEN WE RETURN.
163
00:07:32,019 --> 00:07:34,886
[ STATIC CRACKLES ]
164
00:07:34,888 --> 00:07:37,355
Narrator: THE BIG OUTDOORS --
OPEN SPACES,
165
00:07:37,357 --> 00:07:40,491
CONTACT WITH NATURE,
SOCIALIZING WITH OTHERS.
166
00:07:40,493 --> 00:07:42,160
WE HAVE ALWAYS LOVED
TO SPEND TIME
167
00:07:42,162 --> 00:07:43,829
IN BEACHES,
PARKS, AND WOODS
168
00:07:43,831 --> 00:07:46,565
WITH OUTDOOR GAMES DEVELOPED
FOR OUR ENTERTAINMENT.
169
00:07:48,568 --> 00:07:51,036
ONE OF THOSE GAMES
HAS BEEN HUGELY POPULAR
170
00:07:51,038 --> 00:07:52,971
SINCE THE END OF WORLD WAR II.
171
00:07:52,973 --> 00:07:54,839
INSPIRED BY A BAKING TOOL,
172
00:07:54,841 --> 00:07:56,307
DESIGNED IN A PRISON CELL
173
00:07:56,309 --> 00:07:59,978
AND ENJOYED BY MILLIONS OF BEACH
AND PARK GOERS EVERYWHERE,
174
00:07:59,980 --> 00:08:01,780
THIS IS THE FRISBEE.
175
00:08:03,917 --> 00:08:06,517
THIS WONDERFUL INVENTION
ACTUALLY STARTS LIFE
176
00:08:06,519 --> 00:08:08,720
AS AN IMPROVISED PLAY THING.
177
00:08:08,722 --> 00:08:11,055
STUDENTS AT YALE TOOK
THE FRISBEES
178
00:08:11,057 --> 00:08:12,790
OF THE FRISBIE PIE COMPANY.
179
00:08:12,792 --> 00:08:14,993
THEY WERE BEING THROWN
AROUND CAMPUS AND YELLING,
180
00:08:14,995 --> 00:08:17,595
"FRISBIE" IN ORDER TO HAVE FUN.
181
00:08:17,597 --> 00:08:19,130
IT WASN'T REALLY
COMMERCIALIZED.
182
00:08:19,132 --> 00:08:22,200
IT WAS JUST SIMPLY
THE USE OF A TIN.
183
00:08:22,202 --> 00:08:25,604
Narrator:
IN 1938, THE COMMERCIALIZATION
OF THE FRISBEE BEGINS
184
00:08:25,606 --> 00:08:27,471
WHEN A YOUNG AMERICAN
NAMED FRED MORRISON
185
00:08:27,473 --> 00:08:29,608
AND HIS WIFE-TO-BE,
LUCILE,
186
00:08:29,610 --> 00:08:31,743
ARE OFFERED 25 CENTS
FOR A CAKE PAN
187
00:08:31,745 --> 00:08:33,077
THAT THEY ARE THROWING BACK
188
00:08:33,079 --> 00:08:38,016
AND FORTH AT A BEACH
IN SANTA MONICA, CALIFORNIA.
189
00:08:38,018 --> 00:08:41,319
AT THE TIME, THE CAKE PAN
COST ONLY 5 CENTS.
190
00:08:41,321 --> 00:08:43,821
THE FACT THAT PEOPLE
WERE WILLING TO PAY 25 CENTS
191
00:08:43,823 --> 00:08:47,626
FOR IT GOT FRED MORRISON
TO THINKING.
192
00:08:47,628 --> 00:08:49,227
BUT IT'S DURING WORLD WAR II
193
00:08:49,229 --> 00:08:52,296
THAT THE IDEA FOR THE FRISBEE
REALLY TAKES FLIGHT.
194
00:08:52,298 --> 00:08:55,232
FRED MORRISON FINDS HIMSELF
PILOTING P-47s
195
00:08:55,234 --> 00:08:56,501
DURING THE ALLIES' ADVANCE
196
00:08:56,503 --> 00:08:58,370
THROUGH ITALY,
BUT HE IS SHOT DOWN.
197
00:08:58,372 --> 00:09:00,838
ALTHOUGH HE SURVIVES,
HE IS TAKEN PRISONER OF WAR.
198
00:09:00,840 --> 00:09:02,307
WITH PLENTY OF TIME
ON HIS HANDS,
199
00:09:02,309 --> 00:09:05,176
MORRISON PUTS HIS KNOWLEDGE
OF AERODYNAMICS TO WORK
200
00:09:05,178 --> 00:09:07,979
BY DREAMING UP
THE PERFECT FLYING DISC.
201
00:09:07,981 --> 00:09:10,982
WHEN THE WAR ENDS,
MORRISON RETURNS HOME TO THE US
202
00:09:10,984 --> 00:09:12,450
AND DEVELOPS SEVERAL PROTOTYPES
203
00:09:12,452 --> 00:09:14,052
OF WHAT WE KNOW
TO BE THE FRISBEE
204
00:09:14,054 --> 00:09:17,254
BEFORE PRODUCING THEM IN 1948.
205
00:09:17,256 --> 00:09:19,591
SO HOW DOES THE FRISBEE
ACTUALLY WORK?
206
00:09:21,728 --> 00:09:24,462
A FRISBEE USES THE SAME
AERODYNAMIC PRINCIPLES
207
00:09:24,464 --> 00:09:26,865
AS AN AIRCRAFT WING
TO ACHIEVE LIFT,
208
00:09:26,867 --> 00:09:30,535
WHICH IS THE FORCE THAT
ALLOWS THE DISK TO FLY.
209
00:09:30,537 --> 00:09:33,271
BECAUSE OF THE FRISBEE'S
CURVED SHAPE AND RIM,
210
00:09:33,273 --> 00:09:35,139
THE AIRFLOW ABOVE IT MUST TRAVEL
211
00:09:35,141 --> 00:09:37,542
AT A HIGHER SPEED
THAN THAT UNDERNEATH,
212
00:09:37,544 --> 00:09:39,144
WHICH CREATES
LOW PRESSURE ABOVE
213
00:09:39,146 --> 00:09:41,413
AND HIGH PRESSURE
BELOW THE DISK.
214
00:09:41,415 --> 00:09:43,481
THE AIR RUSHING OVER THE TOP
IS A LOWER PRESSURE,
215
00:09:43,483 --> 00:09:45,750
AND IT'S ACTUALLY
SUCKED UP BY THAT.
216
00:09:45,752 --> 00:09:47,953
BUT IT'S ALSO BECAUSE IT'S BEEN
SUCKED UP THE AIR UNDERNEATH,
217
00:09:47,955 --> 00:09:52,023
WHICH IS OF A HIGHER PRESSURE,
IS PUSHING THE FRISBEE UPWARDS.
218
00:09:52,025 --> 00:09:53,691
Narrator: BUT THAT IS NOT
THE WHOLE STORY.
219
00:09:53,693 --> 00:09:55,760
THE SECRET
TO THE FRISBEE'S SUCCESS
220
00:09:55,762 --> 00:09:57,028
IS THE SPINNING ACTION.
221
00:09:57,030 --> 00:10:00,031
THE MORE THE SPIN,
THE BETTER IT WILL FLY.
222
00:10:00,033 --> 00:10:02,166
A FRISBEE WILL FLY BEST
WITH THE LEADING EDGE
223
00:10:02,168 --> 00:10:04,703
SLIGHTLY RAISED IN RELATION
TO THE GROUND.
224
00:10:04,705 --> 00:10:06,638
THIS IS CALLED
THE ANGLE OF ATTACK.
225
00:10:06,640 --> 00:10:08,840
SIMPLY PUT, THE GREATER
THE ANGLE OF ATTACK,
226
00:10:08,842 --> 00:10:10,908
THE GREATER THE LIFT GENERATED.
227
00:10:10,910 --> 00:10:12,577
BUT THERE IS
A TRADE-OFF.
228
00:10:12,579 --> 00:10:14,179
THE GREATER THE ANGLE OF ATTACK,
229
00:10:14,181 --> 00:10:16,113
THE MORE DRAG THE OBJECT
WILL CREATE,
230
00:10:16,115 --> 00:10:18,383
SO EVENTUALLY,
IT WON'T BE ABLE TO FLY.
231
00:10:18,385 --> 00:10:21,519
THIS IS CALLED ASTORE.
232
00:10:21,521 --> 00:10:24,189
THE FORCES OF DRAG,
LIFT, AND GRAVITY
233
00:10:24,191 --> 00:10:26,925
DO NOT ALL ACT CONSISTENTLY
ON THE CENTER OF THE FRISBEE,
234
00:10:26,927 --> 00:10:29,728
WHICH WOULD MEAN
A WOBBLY PATH AND FLIGHT.
235
00:10:29,730 --> 00:10:31,529
LAUNCHING THE DISK
WITH A LARGE SPIN
236
00:10:31,531 --> 00:10:33,999
CREATES GYROSCOPIC INERTIA.
237
00:10:34,001 --> 00:10:36,134
THIS OVERCOMES
THE INCONSISTENT FORCES
238
00:10:36,136 --> 00:10:39,671
AND STABILIZES
THE FRISBEE IN FLIGHT.
239
00:10:39,673 --> 00:10:41,939
THE GREATER THE SPIN,
THE MORE STABLE THE DISK
240
00:10:41,941 --> 00:10:44,009
AND THE BETTER IT FLIES.
241
00:10:44,011 --> 00:10:46,678
IN 1957, MORRISON
SELLS THE RIGHTS
242
00:10:46,680 --> 00:10:49,080
TO THE FLYING DISK TO WHAM-O.
243
00:10:49,082 --> 00:10:52,651
AND IN JUNE OF THAT YEAR,
THE DISC IS RENAMED THE FRISBEE.
244
00:10:55,822 --> 00:10:57,489
HUGELY POPULAR AMONG
YOUNG PEOPLE,
245
00:10:57,491 --> 00:11:00,492
IT'S NOT LONG BEFORE
OFFICIAL FRISBEE EVENTS POP UP
246
00:11:00,494 --> 00:11:02,426
ALL OVER AMERICA,
247
00:11:02,428 --> 00:11:06,765
AND WHAM-O RELEASES
THE OFFICIAL PRO FRISBEE MODEL.
248
00:11:06,767 --> 00:11:08,165
THE FLYING DISC, OR FRISBEE,
249
00:11:08,167 --> 00:11:09,434
IS STILL ONE OF THE MOST
250
00:11:09,436 --> 00:11:11,169
POPULAR OUTDOOR
ACTIVITIES TODAY.
251
00:11:11,171 --> 00:11:13,838
THERE IS EVEN A WORLD FLYING
DISC FEDERATION RESPONSIBLE
252
00:11:13,840 --> 00:11:17,775
FOR THE ORGANIZATION
OF THE WORLD CHAMPIONSHIPS.
253
00:11:17,777 --> 00:11:18,843
ITS WORLDWIDE APPEAL
254
00:11:18,845 --> 00:11:20,645
HAS EVEN BROUGHT IT
TO THE ATTENTION
255
00:11:20,647 --> 00:11:23,314
OF THE INTERNATIONAL
OLYMPIC COMMITTEE.
256
00:11:23,316 --> 00:11:25,383
SO IT MIGHT BE
ONLY A MATTER OF TIME
257
00:11:25,385 --> 00:11:27,852
BEFORE THE CAKE-PAN-INSPIRED
INVENTION
258
00:11:27,854 --> 00:11:30,255
IS AN OFFICIAL PART
OF THE OLYMPIC GAMES.
259
00:11:30,257 --> 00:11:33,058
NOW, THAT'S
AN INCREDIBLE INVENTION.
260
00:11:35,729 --> 00:11:36,727
COMING UP NEXT,
261
00:11:36,729 --> 00:11:38,396
HOW TO MAKE
YOUR FLYING PROJECTILE
262
00:11:38,398 --> 00:11:40,865
FROM ORDINARY HOUSEHOLD ITEMS.
263
00:11:49,476 --> 00:11:51,743
[ STATIC CRACKLES ]
264
00:11:51,745 --> 00:11:53,878
♪♪
265
00:11:53,880 --> 00:11:56,881
Narrator: SO IS THE FRISBEE
THE ONLY UNUSUALLY SHAPED,
266
00:11:56,883 --> 00:12:00,217
GYROSCOPICALLY STABLE
FLYING PROJECTILE?
267
00:12:00,219 --> 00:12:02,287
NO.
AND YOU CAN MAKE ONE YOURSELF
268
00:12:02,289 --> 00:12:03,554
OUT OF HOUSEHOLD GARBAGE.
269
00:12:03,556 --> 00:12:06,224
TO BEGIN, TAKE AN EMPTY
1-LITER PLASTIC BOTTLE,
270
00:12:06,226 --> 00:12:09,427
MAKING SURE IT HAS
PERFECTLY STRAIGHT SIDES.
271
00:12:09,429 --> 00:12:11,095
NEXT, WE NEED
TO MAKE A TEMPLATE
272
00:12:11,097 --> 00:12:14,099
TO CREATE 5 FINS
FOR OUR DISCARDED FLYER.
273
00:12:14,101 --> 00:12:15,767
TAKE A PIECE OF PAPER
LARGE ENOUGH
274
00:12:15,769 --> 00:12:17,035
TO WRAP AROUND THE BOTTLE.
275
00:12:17,037 --> 00:12:20,104
MARK UP THE PAPER INTO FIVE
EVENLY SPACED SECTIONS
276
00:12:20,106 --> 00:12:22,840
AND FOLD THEM
INTO A CONCERTINA.
277
00:12:22,842 --> 00:12:26,043
THE FIN NEEDS TO BE A SERIES
OF NICE, SMOOTH CURVES,
278
00:12:26,045 --> 00:12:27,645
SO AFTER MAKING THE CENTER POINT
279
00:12:27,647 --> 00:12:30,314
AND A LINE ABOUT AN INCH
FROM THE TOP OF EACH SECTION,
280
00:12:30,316 --> 00:12:32,984
SKETCH A CURVE SO THAT
WHEN THE PAPER UNFOLDS,
281
00:12:32,986 --> 00:12:35,386
EACH CURVE BLENDS INTO THE NEXT.
282
00:12:35,388 --> 00:12:38,122
NOW, CAREFULLY CUT
THROUGH ALL FIVE SECTIONS
283
00:12:38,124 --> 00:12:40,725
TO REVEAL A TEMPLATE OF 5 FINS.
284
00:12:40,727 --> 00:12:42,393
WRAP THE TEMPLATE
AROUND THE BOTTLE
285
00:12:42,395 --> 00:12:45,230
AND USE A PEN TO MARK
THE SHAPE INTO THE PLASTIC.
286
00:12:47,234 --> 00:12:48,666
NOW, TAKE A PAIR OF SCISSORS
287
00:12:48,668 --> 00:12:51,736
AND CUT OUT YOUR FLYER
TO REVEAL YOUR PERFECT FINS
288
00:12:51,738 --> 00:12:54,172
AND COVER THE BOTTLE
TO COMPLETE THE SHAPE.
289
00:12:57,610 --> 00:13:00,010
NOW THE TRICKY PART,
TAKE OFF YOUR TEMPLATE
290
00:13:00,012 --> 00:13:01,412
AND GO AROUND
THE LEADING EDGE,
291
00:13:01,414 --> 00:13:05,950
GENTLY PINCHING THE PLASTIC
TO CREATE A HALF-INCH LIP.
292
00:13:05,952 --> 00:13:07,285
START SLOWLY AT FIRST,
293
00:13:07,287 --> 00:13:10,255
AND THEN PRESS DOWN UNTIL YOU
HAVE A DEFINITIVE FOLD.
294
00:13:12,492 --> 00:13:15,627
REINFORCE THIS LIP
WITH PIECES OF DUCT TAPE.
295
00:13:15,629 --> 00:13:18,429
YOU SHOULD NOW HAVE
A RIGID, CIRCULAR EDGE.
296
00:13:18,431 --> 00:13:22,100
YOUR DURACYCLE PLASTIC-BOTTLE
FRISBEE CHALLENGER IS NOW READY,
297
00:13:22,102 --> 00:13:23,735
BUT WILL IT WORK?
298
00:13:25,905 --> 00:13:29,040
LIKE A FRISBEE, THROW TECHNIQUE
IS ALL IMPORTANT,
299
00:13:29,042 --> 00:13:31,643
WITH THE SECRET BEING TO ADD
A NICE SPINNING ACTION
300
00:13:31,645 --> 00:13:33,711
ON THE THROW,
AND THERE YOU GO.
301
00:13:33,713 --> 00:13:36,047
WITH A FRONT PROFILE
302
00:13:36,049 --> 00:13:37,514
THAT AFFORDS LOW AIR RESISTANCE
303
00:13:37,516 --> 00:13:39,584
AND SPINNING SIDES
GENERATING LIFT
304
00:13:39,586 --> 00:13:42,587
AND GYROSCOPIC STABILITY
IN A SIMILAR WAY TO THE FRISBEE,
305
00:13:42,589 --> 00:13:45,790
WE REALLY HAVE TAKEN
RECYCLING TO A NEW LEVEL.
306
00:13:47,060 --> 00:13:49,327
WHETHER IT BE CARVING
THE SUNDAY ROAST
307
00:13:49,329 --> 00:13:50,929
OR THE TURKEY AT THANKSGIVING,
308
00:13:50,931 --> 00:13:52,463
WE ALL NEED
THE PROPER UTENSILS.
309
00:13:52,465 --> 00:13:55,266
THESE SIMPLE EVERYDAY
IMPLEMENTS HAVE DEFINED
310
00:13:55,268 --> 00:13:57,802
AND REFINED THE WAY
WE EAT OUR MEALS.
311
00:13:57,804 --> 00:13:59,804
CUTLERY HAS ITS ORIGINS
IN EUROPE,
312
00:13:59,806 --> 00:14:03,875
AND IT IS SHAPED BY THE KINDS
OF FOODS EATEN THERE.
313
00:14:03,877 --> 00:14:05,476
Hurd: EUROPE HAS CERTAINLY BEEN
314
00:14:05,478 --> 00:14:07,411
ONE OF THE CENTERS OF CUTLERY,
315
00:14:07,413 --> 00:14:09,414
AND ITS PREDOMINANCE
WITHIN SOCIETY
316
00:14:09,416 --> 00:14:11,082
IS BASICALLY
BECAUSE THE KIND OF FOOD
317
00:14:11,084 --> 00:14:13,284
WE EAT WARRANTS
THE USE OF CUTLERY.
318
00:14:13,286 --> 00:14:14,885
WE'VE TRADITIONALLY ALWAYS EATEN
319
00:14:14,887 --> 00:14:17,421
A LOT OF LARGE PIECES
OF WHOLE MEAT,
320
00:14:17,423 --> 00:14:19,290
WHOLE VEGETABLES, WHEREAS
IN OTHER CULTURES
321
00:14:19,292 --> 00:14:21,359
WHERE THEY CHOP IT DOWN,
IT'S SLIGHTLY FINER.
322
00:14:21,361 --> 00:14:23,761
YOU THINK OF THINGS LIKE HOW
THE MEAT IS PREPARED IN CHINA
323
00:14:23,763 --> 00:14:25,630
WHERE IT'S KIND OF BROKEN DOWN
INTO FIBERS AND STUFF,
324
00:14:25,632 --> 00:14:27,765
THIS CAN BE PICKED UP
QUITE EASILY WITH CHOPSTICKS.
325
00:14:27,767 --> 00:14:30,034
THE EUROPEAN DIET
HAS ALWAYS WARRANTED
326
00:14:30,036 --> 00:14:34,706
THE USE OF A KNIFE
AND A FORK AND A SPOON.
327
00:14:34,708 --> 00:14:36,774
Narrator: BUT THE BASIC DESIGN
WE RECOGNIZE TODAY
328
00:14:36,776 --> 00:14:38,910
TOOK SOME TIME TO ACHIEVE.
329
00:14:38,912 --> 00:14:42,247
WHEN WE RETURN, THE FASCINATING
HISTORY OF SILVERWARE
330
00:14:42,249 --> 00:14:44,749
AND THE SECRETS
OF HOW IT'S MADE.
331
00:14:54,127 --> 00:14:56,728
[ STATIC CRACKLES ]
332
00:14:56,730 --> 00:14:59,731
Narrator:
IN 1912, AS WORLD WAR I
APPROACHES IN EUROPE,
333
00:14:59,733 --> 00:15:01,466
THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT
ACTIVELY SEARCHES
334
00:15:01,468 --> 00:15:03,000
FOR BETTER QUALITY MATERIALS
335
00:15:03,002 --> 00:15:04,935
TO USE INSIDE
THEIR GUN BARRELS.
336
00:15:04,937 --> 00:15:06,804
CONSTANT EXPOSURE
TO HIGH TEMPERATURES
337
00:15:06,806 --> 00:15:11,208
MEANS THAT THE EXISTING
GUN BARRELS ERODE QUICKLY.
338
00:15:11,210 --> 00:15:14,345
A BRITISH INVENTOR NAMED
HARRY BREARLEY HAS THE ANSWER.
339
00:15:14,347 --> 00:15:16,748
HE CREATES A METAL THAT,
AS A BYPRODUCT,
340
00:15:16,750 --> 00:15:20,150
CHANGES THE FACE
OF CUTLERY PRODUCTION.
341
00:15:20,152 --> 00:15:21,886
WHAT BREARLEY DOES IS
TO INCREASE
342
00:15:21,888 --> 00:15:24,889
THE AMOUNT OF CHROMIUM
IN STEEL COMPOSITION.
343
00:15:24,891 --> 00:15:26,291
UNLIKE ORDINARY MINED STEEL,
344
00:15:26,293 --> 00:15:28,692
THE CHROMIUM STEEL
MIX FORMS A BONDED,
345
00:15:28,694 --> 00:15:30,427
PROTECTED LAYER
OF CHROMIUM OXIDE
346
00:15:30,429 --> 00:15:32,563
ON THE SURFACE
THAT PREVENTS OXYGEN
347
00:15:32,565 --> 00:15:34,365
PENETRATING IT
AND FORMING CORROSION.
348
00:15:34,367 --> 00:15:37,835
THE METAL BREARLEY DEVELOPS
IS CALLED STAINLESS STEEL.
349
00:15:37,837 --> 00:15:39,903
DID YOU KNOW THAT THE FORK
AND KNIFE YOU USE
350
00:15:39,905 --> 00:15:41,638
HAS SUCH A COMPLEX PAST
351
00:15:41,640 --> 00:15:44,242
AND THAT, TODAY,
EVERYONE USES THEM DIFFERENTLY?
352
00:15:44,244 --> 00:15:46,644
Hurd:
IN AMERICA, YOUR FORK WILL BE
IN YOUR LEFT HAND,
353
00:15:46,646 --> 00:15:48,712
AND YOUR KNIFE WILL BE
IN YOUR RIGHT HAND.
354
00:15:48,714 --> 00:15:50,447
ONCE YOU CUT THE MEAT
WITH YOUR KNIFE,
355
00:15:50,449 --> 00:15:52,316
YOU'LL PLACE THE KNIFE AWAY
356
00:15:52,318 --> 00:15:55,520
AND THEN SWAP THE FORK
TO THE RIGHT HAND TO EAT.
357
00:15:55,522 --> 00:15:56,921
IN EUROPE,
IT'S THE OTHER WAY AROUND.
358
00:15:56,923 --> 00:15:58,856
WE KEEP OUR FORK
IN OUR LEFT HAND
359
00:15:58,858 --> 00:16:00,591
AND OUR KNIFE IN OUR RIGHT
HAND THE WHOLE WAY.
360
00:16:00,593 --> 00:16:02,393
WHEN WE PUT IT DOWN
ON THE PLATE,
361
00:16:02,395 --> 00:16:04,329
THAT'S THE INDICATION
THAT WE'VE FINISHED EATING
362
00:16:04,331 --> 00:16:05,730
WHEREAS THE AMERICAN'S
WOULD PUT IT AT,
363
00:16:05,732 --> 00:16:07,799
LIKE, A 10-TO-2 ANGLE.
364
00:16:09,536 --> 00:16:11,936
Narrator:
DINING ETIQUETTE BECOMES
EVEN MORE IMPORTANT
365
00:16:11,938 --> 00:16:15,005
AS GOING OUT TO EAT
BECOMES MORE POPULAR.
366
00:16:15,007 --> 00:16:16,607
Hurd: WHEN RESTAURANTS
BECAME PREDOMINANT,
367
00:16:16,609 --> 00:16:18,275
THERE NEEDED TO BE
SOME KIND OF CODE.
368
00:16:18,277 --> 00:16:19,410
YOU KNOW,
IF YOU'RE AN ARISTOCRAT
369
00:16:19,412 --> 00:16:21,746
SAT IN A SALON
RESTAURANT IN PARIS,
370
00:16:21,748 --> 00:16:22,813
YOU DON'T WANT TO SPEAK
TO THAT WAITER
371
00:16:22,815 --> 00:16:24,015
OR THAT MAITRE D',
372
00:16:24,017 --> 00:16:25,349
THE WAY YOU POSITION YOUR KNIVES
373
00:16:25,351 --> 00:16:26,951
AND FORKS ON THE PLATE
TELLS THE WAITER,
374
00:16:26,953 --> 00:16:28,686
"I'M STILL EATING,"
"I'M NOT EATING.
375
00:16:28,688 --> 00:16:30,554
TAKE IT AWAY,"
OR, "IT WAS RUBBISH."
376
00:16:30,556 --> 00:16:33,357
SO CUTLERY IS KIND
OF THE UNSPOKEN LANGUAGE
377
00:16:33,359 --> 00:16:35,093
OF THE RESTAURANT.
378
00:16:35,095 --> 00:16:36,961
Narrator: SO THE NEXT TIME
YOU ARE OUT FOR A MEAL,
379
00:16:36,963 --> 00:16:39,563
TAKE A LONG HARD LOOK
AT YOUR FORK AND SPOON.
380
00:16:39,565 --> 00:16:40,764
AND BEFORE YOU DIG IN,
381
00:16:40,766 --> 00:16:42,499
REMEMBER YOU HAVE GUN DESIGN
382
00:16:42,501 --> 00:16:44,202
TO THANK FOR ITS CREATION.
383
00:16:47,507 --> 00:16:49,640
LIBERTY TABLETOP HAS BEEN
MAKING CUTLERY
384
00:16:49,642 --> 00:16:52,643
IN SHERRILL, NEW YORK,
SINCE 2005.
385
00:16:52,645 --> 00:16:54,511
SHERRILL, NEW YORK,
IS PRETTY MUCH
386
00:16:54,513 --> 00:16:56,981
IN THE GEOGRAPHIC CENTER
OF NEW YORK STATE.
387
00:16:56,983 --> 00:16:59,917
WE TRY TO SOURCE AS MUCH
OF OUR RAW MATERIALS,
388
00:16:59,919 --> 00:17:01,586
SUPPLIES, PACKAGING,
389
00:17:01,588 --> 00:17:04,455
EVERYTHING THAT WE CAN
IN THE UNITED STATES.
390
00:17:04,457 --> 00:17:06,657
WE REQUIRE THAT OUR STEEL
IS MELTED HERE.
391
00:17:06,659 --> 00:17:09,393
Narrator:
IT'S THE ONLY CUTLERY PRODUCER
IN NORTH AMERICA,
392
00:17:09,395 --> 00:17:13,664
PRODUCING APPROXIMATELY
30,000 PIECES EVERY WEEK.
393
00:17:13,666 --> 00:17:16,600
DEPENDING ON THE COMPLEXITY
OF THE PIECE,
394
00:17:16,602 --> 00:17:19,003
IT CAN TAKE ANYWHERE
FROM 2 TO 4 WEEKS
395
00:17:19,005 --> 00:17:22,673
TO GO FROM START
TO FINISH THROUGH THE FACTORY.
396
00:17:28,415 --> 00:17:30,948
Narrator:
A 2,000-POUND COIL
OF STAINLESS STEEL
397
00:17:30,950 --> 00:17:34,318
IS HOISTED ONTO A MACHINE
VIA A FORKLIFT TRUCK.
398
00:17:37,290 --> 00:17:39,957
THE FLAT STEEL SHEET IS FED
INTO THE BLANKING PRESS
399
00:17:39,959 --> 00:17:42,360
WHERE THE STEEL
IS CUT INTO ROUGH SHAPES.
400
00:17:45,165 --> 00:17:47,231
THOSE BLANKS CAN
ACTUALLY BE ROLLED
401
00:17:47,233 --> 00:17:49,933
AND CUT INTO DIFFERENT SHAPES,
402
00:17:49,935 --> 00:17:52,637
WHICH WOULD MAKE FORKS AND
SPOONS OF DIFFERENT OUTLINES.
403
00:17:52,639 --> 00:17:54,705
Narrator:
THE BLANKING PRESS
TAKES ONE SECOND
404
00:17:54,707 --> 00:17:55,973
TO PRODUCE EACH BLANK,
405
00:17:55,975 --> 00:17:58,476
WHICH CAN THEN BE MADE
INTO SPOONS OR FORKS.
406
00:18:02,515 --> 00:18:04,515
THE BLANKS ARE SENT
TO A ROLLING MILL
407
00:18:04,517 --> 00:18:05,716
WHERE THEY ARE STRETCHED OUT
408
00:18:05,718 --> 00:18:08,586
BETWEEN TWO HARDENED
STEEL ROLLS.
409
00:18:08,588 --> 00:18:11,589
THE ROLLS HAVE A SPECIFIC
PRECISION GROUND PROFILE,
410
00:18:11,591 --> 00:18:14,525
SO THAT THE BALLS OF THE SPOONS
AND THE PRONGS OF THE FORK
411
00:18:14,527 --> 00:18:16,660
WILL BE THINNER
THAN THE HANDLES.
412
00:18:16,662 --> 00:18:18,929
IT'S ACTUALLY SORT OF SIMILAR
413
00:18:18,931 --> 00:18:20,898
IN PROCESS
TO ROLLING OUT PIE DOUGH.
414
00:18:20,900 --> 00:18:23,000
YOU ROLL IT OUT
SO THAT YOU CAN CUT OUT
415
00:18:23,002 --> 00:18:24,469
THE CUT-OUT COOKIES,
FOR EXAMPLE.
416
00:18:24,471 --> 00:18:25,870
SO THAT'S ESSENTIALLY WHAT WE DO
417
00:18:25,872 --> 00:18:28,005
IN THAT PART OF THE PROCESS.
418
00:18:28,007 --> 00:18:29,940
Narrator: AFTER THE BLANKS PASS
THROUGH THE ROLLS,
419
00:18:29,942 --> 00:18:32,409
THEY AUTOMATICALLY FALL
INTO A PUNCH PRESS
420
00:18:32,411 --> 00:18:34,545
WHERE THEY ARE CUT
INTO AN OUTLINED SHAPE.
421
00:18:38,617 --> 00:18:41,419
NEXT, THE PIECES ARE PUT
INTO AN EALING FURNACE,
422
00:18:41,421 --> 00:18:42,620
WHICH SOFTENS UP THE METAL
423
00:18:42,622 --> 00:18:44,956
TO ENABLE FURTHER
STAMPING AND SHAVING.
424
00:18:46,826 --> 00:18:48,025
THE FURNACE HEATS THE METAL
425
00:18:48,027 --> 00:18:52,095
TO A TEMPERATURE
OF 1,900 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT.
426
00:18:52,097 --> 00:18:55,032
♪♪
427
00:18:59,505 --> 00:19:00,637
THE FORKS AND SPOONS
428
00:19:00,639 --> 00:19:02,306
ARE NOW PUT THROUGH
A COINING PRESS
429
00:19:02,308 --> 00:19:05,643
WHERE THE PATTERNS ARE
STAMPED INTO THE HANDLES.
430
00:19:05,645 --> 00:19:07,912
THEY ARE THEN FED
INTO ANOTHER COINING PRESS
431
00:19:07,914 --> 00:19:10,715
WHERE THE BALL OF THE SPOON
OR THE PRONGS OF THE FORK
432
00:19:10,717 --> 00:19:13,584
ARE BENT INTO THE CORRECT SHAPE.
433
00:19:13,586 --> 00:19:16,053
WE BEND THE BOWL
OR THE FORK TINES.
434
00:19:16,055 --> 00:19:17,854
IT'S BASICALLY THE PIECES --
435
00:19:17,856 --> 00:19:20,191
LOOKS JUST LIKE A FORK
OR SPOON THAT YOU WOULD USE,
436
00:19:20,193 --> 00:19:21,692
EXCEPT IT'S NOT POLISHED.
437
00:19:23,729 --> 00:19:24,996
Narrator:
ALL ITEMS ARE THEN POLISHED
438
00:19:24,998 --> 00:19:27,365
IN A SERIES OF SHANKING
AND EDGING MACHINES.
439
00:19:29,001 --> 00:19:31,201
THREE SHANKING MACHINES
PROGRESSIVELY GRIND
440
00:19:31,203 --> 00:19:32,737
AND POLISH THE SHANK AREA.
441
00:19:32,739 --> 00:19:35,873
THAT'S THE PART OF THE CUTLERY
WHERE THE BALL AND HANDLE MEET.
442
00:19:38,945 --> 00:19:40,811
NOW THEY GO THROUGH
AN EDGING MACHINE
443
00:19:40,813 --> 00:19:43,281
WHERE THE HANDLES ARE ALSO
GROUND AND POLISHED.
444
00:19:48,888 --> 00:19:50,221
IN THE FINAL PROCESS,
445
00:19:50,223 --> 00:19:52,857
THE CUTLERY IS BUFFED
TO A MIRROR FINISH.
446
00:19:56,563 --> 00:19:59,496
WE START WITH THE BOWL,
MOVE ONTO THE HANDLE,
447
00:19:59,498 --> 00:20:01,232
AND THEN WE GO BACK
TO THE BOWL AGAIN,
448
00:20:01,234 --> 00:20:03,100
USING TWO TYPES
OF BUFFING COMPOUND.
449
00:20:03,102 --> 00:20:06,370
ONE IS A ROUGHING COMPOUND
THAT SMOOTHS THE SURFACE
450
00:20:06,372 --> 00:20:08,239
AND THEN THE FINAL
BUFFING COMPOUND,
451
00:20:08,241 --> 00:20:11,042
LIQUID BASED, VERY FINE GRAIN.
452
00:20:11,044 --> 00:20:12,243
THEN THE PIECE COMES OUT.
453
00:20:12,245 --> 00:20:14,578
I THINK IT LOOKS LIKE
A PIECE OF JEWELRY.
454
00:20:14,580 --> 00:20:16,580
Narrator: FINALLY, THE CUTLERY
IS INSPECTED
455
00:20:16,582 --> 00:20:18,449
AND INDIVIDUALLY
WRAPPED FOR DELIVERY.
456
00:20:18,451 --> 00:20:20,918
Roberts: WE HAVE ACTUALLY
100% INSPECTION
457
00:20:20,920 --> 00:20:22,386
OF ALL OF OUR FLATWARE.
458
00:20:22,388 --> 00:20:24,255
WE LOOK AT IT ONE AT A TIME,
459
00:20:24,257 --> 00:20:26,123
AND WE WIPE IT
BY HAND
460
00:20:26,125 --> 00:20:27,658
WITHOUT USING
ANY HARSH CHEMICALS.
461
00:20:27,660 --> 00:20:29,927
YOU JUST WIPE THE COMPOUND OFF,
PUT IT IN A BAG,
462
00:20:29,929 --> 00:20:32,263
AND IT'S READY TO GO
TO THE CUSTOMER.
463
00:20:32,265 --> 00:20:35,399
Narrator: SILVERWARE --
TRULY AN INCREDIBLE INVENTION.
464
00:20:40,006 --> 00:20:42,606
SO THERE YOU HAVE IT, A GLANCE
THROUGH THE HIDDEN HISTORY
465
00:20:42,608 --> 00:20:44,809
AND SUPER SCIENCE OF
SOME AMAZING PRODUCTS
466
00:20:44,811 --> 00:20:48,012
THAT YOU USE EVERY DAY.
467
00:20:48,014 --> 00:20:49,413
THE COMPUTER,
468
00:20:49,415 --> 00:20:51,482
THE FRISBEE,
469
00:20:51,484 --> 00:20:53,016
AND SILVERWARE,
470
00:20:53,018 --> 00:20:54,885
THEY MAY SEEM
COMMON AND ORDINARY.
471
00:20:54,887 --> 00:20:57,088
HOWEVER, THESE PRODUCTS
HELP CHANGE THE WORLD
472
00:20:57,090 --> 00:20:59,824
ONE INCREDIBLE INVENTION
AT A TIME.