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Narrator: AROUND THE WORLD,
THE RACE TO WIN WARS

2
00:00:03,637 --> 00:00:04,903
AND EXPLORE THE UNIVERSE

3
00:00:04,905 --> 00:00:06,371
HAS CREATED SOME OF THE MOST

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INCREDIBLE PRODUCTS
EVER DESIGNED,

5
00:00:08,308 --> 00:00:09,842
AND WE USE THEM EVERY DAY,

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00:00:09,844 --> 00:00:14,446
UNAWARE OF THEIR
AMAZING ORIGINS.

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ON "INCREDIBLE INVENTIONS,"
HOT AIR BALLOONS,

8
00:00:17,985 --> 00:00:20,519
AND HOW THEY IDEA
OF USING ONE TAKES FLIGHT

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00:00:20,521 --> 00:00:23,521
ON THE WAR-TORN BATTLE FIELDS
OF EUROPE,

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SYNTHETIC RUBBER,

11
00:00:25,126 --> 00:00:26,792
THE CONNECTION
BETWEEN WORLD WAR II,

12
00:00:26,794 --> 00:00:28,494
AND THE TIRES WE USE TODAY...

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METAL DETECTORS,
HOW AN INSTRUMENT

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USED TO FIND
HIDDEN TREASURES HAS BEEN

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SAVING LIVES FOR DECADES.

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WE REVEAL THE AMAZING HISTORY

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AND ENGINEERING BEHIND THESE

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"INCREDIBLE INVENTIONS."

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--<font color="#ffff00"> Captions by VITAC</font> --
<font color="#00ffff">www.vitac.com</font>

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CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY
DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS

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Narrator: AGAINST THE DARK
BACKDROP OF THE NIGHTTIME SKY,

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00:01:03,097 --> 00:01:04,762
SKY LANTERNS ADD MAGIC

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TO ANY CELEBRATION
WITH THEIR FIERY GLOW.

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BUT DID YOU KNOW THAT THESE
TINY HOT AIR BALLOONS

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WERE ACTUALLY USED IN WARFARE?
IT'S TRUE.

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THEY WERE USED TO SEND
BATTLE ORDERS TO CHINESE TROOPS

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DURING THE 3RD CENTURY A.D.

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THE PRINCIPLE BEHIND
THE HOT AIR BALLOON

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IS BASIC PHYSICS.

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TO CREATE LIFT,
THE BALLOON FILLS UP

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WITH A LIGHTER-THAN-AIR GAS,
SUCH AS HYDROGEN,

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OR HELIUM OR, MORE COMMONLY,
WITH HOT AIR.

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THEIR FIRST USE WAS
FOR WARFARE BY THE FRENCH

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DURING THE BATTLE
OF FLEURUS IN 1794.

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THAT'S WHEN THE NEW
REPUBLICAN FRENCH TROOPS

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SENT UP A BALLOON
TO DIRECT ARTILLERY

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AND SPY ON THE ENEMY.

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THEY WERE EVEN USED
DURING THE FIRST WORLD WAR.

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ALTHOUGH IT WAS A LITTLE
DANGEROUS FOR THE OPERATOR.

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Man: CAN YOU IMAGINE BEING
AN OBSERVER IN A WICKER BASKET

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HANGING UNDERNEATH A BALLOON

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AT THE BATTLE OF THE MARNE,

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THE BATTLE OF THE SOMME?

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YOU MUST BE READY
TO LEAP FOR YOUR LIFE.

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THESE GUYS WERE GUTSY,
BUT THEY WERE VITAL.

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Narrator:
BY THE SECOND WORLD WAR,

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BALLOONS ARE BEING USED TO KEEP
AN EYE ON ENEMY AIRCRAFT.

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Hicks:
THE SECOND WORLD WAR, OF COURSE,

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YOU HAVE THEM
AS THE BARRAGE BALLOONS

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TO PREVENT PLANES
COMING TOO LOW

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TO DO THEIR DAMAGE
ABOVE IMPORTANT SITES.

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THE INTRODUCTION OF
THE HOT AIR BALLOON

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AS A MILITARY PIECE OF EQUIPMENT

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REALLY DID OPEN UP
A NEW DIMENSION OF WARFARE

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BECAUSE YOU TOOK
YOUR OBSERVERS,

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FIRST OF ALL,
HIGH UP INTO THE AIR.

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IT IS A MASSIVE STEP FORWARD

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FOR THE MILITARY MACHINES
OF THE WORLD.

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Narrator: THE HOT AIR BALLOON,
TRULY AN INCREDIBLE INVENTION.

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CAMERON BALLOONS IN ENGLAND

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HAVE BEEN MAKING HOT
AIR BALLOONS SINCE 1971.

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THEY ARE
THE LARGEST MANUFACTURER

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OF HOT AIR BALLOONS
IN THE WORLD.

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THERE'S NO SUCH THING
AS AN AVERAGE HOT AIR BALLOON

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BECAUSE THEY'RE ALL
INDIVIDUAL AND BESPOKE.

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BUT I SUPPOSE IT TAKES US

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BETWEEN 6 AND 12 WEEKS

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TO MAKE A BALLOON,

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SOMETIMES A BIT LONGER
IF A COMPLICATED SPECIAL SHAPE.

70
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AND WE MAKE PROBABLY BETWEEN
90 AND 120 BALLOONS A YEAR.

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♪♪

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THE HOT-AIR-BALLOON-MAKING
PROCESS STARTS

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WITH ACTUALLY SITTING DOWN

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AND DISCUSSING WHAT
THE PERSON ACTUALLY WANTS.

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ONCE WE'VE GOT
THAT ESTABLISHED,

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WE CAN THEN PUT IT
INTO PRODUCTION.

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THERE'S QUITE A LOT
OF DESIGN AND PLANNING

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AND ARTWORK SET UP THAT HAPPENS.

79
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AND THEN IT CAN GO INTO CUTTING

80
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WHERE ALL THE FABRIC
AND THE TAPES

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AND ALL THE MATERIALS
ARE GOT TOGETHER

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FOR THE FABRIC PART
OF THE BALLOON.

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Narrator: THE MATERIAL THAT WILL
MAKE THE BALLOON ITSELF

84
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IS CUT INTO ALL
THE DIFFERENT SHAPES

85
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THAT WILL BE REQUIRED.

86
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DIFFERENT MATERIALS ARE USED

87
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IN DIFFERENT PARTS
OF THE BALLOON.

88
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Cameron: THE MAIN ONES WE USE
FOR HOT AIR BALLOONS

89
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ARE ONE CALLED HYPERLAST

90
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WHICH IS USED AT THE TOP
OF THE BALLOON.

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IT'S A VERY SLIPPERY,
STRONG FABRIC,

92
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VERY HEAT RESISTANT,

93
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AND IN THE MIDDLE SECTION
OF THE BALLOON,

94
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WE USE A RIPSTOP NYLON,

95
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WHICH IS VERY LIGHT,
VERY STRONG,

96
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AND IT'S EVEN LIGHTER THAN YOUR
NORMAL COMPUTER PAPER AT HOME.

97
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AND AT THE BOTTOM
OF THE BALLOON, WE USE A FABRIC

98
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THAT'S VERY SIMILAR TO
RACING-CAR-DRIVER SUITS.

99
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IT'S VERY HEAT-RESISTANT
BECAUSE, OF COURSE,

100
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THAT'S WHERE THE RADIANT
HEAT FROM THE BURNER IS.

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Narrator: THE DIFFERENT PIECES
ARE SORTED

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INTO SECTIONS FOR EASY
IDENTIFICATION LATER ON.

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MEANWHILE, THE BURNERS
THAT SUPPLY THE HOT AIR

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TO THE BALLOON ARE BUILT
FROM SCRATCH IN THE FACTORY.

105
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TO BETTER SUIT THE NEEDS
OF A HOT AIR BALLOON,

106
00:04:48,988 --> 00:04:52,057
CAMERON BALLOONS HAVE DEVELOPED
DIFFERENT MATERIALS OVER TIME.

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MATERIALS NEED TO
BE LONG LASTING,

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SO THEY'RE CONSTANTLY TESTED
DURING THE PRODUCTION PROCESS

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TO ENSURE THEY MEET QUALITY
AND SAFETY STANDARDS.

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THE MATERIAL PIECES
ARE SOWN TOGETHER,

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INCORPORATING THE LOAD STRAPS

112
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THAT FORM THE STRUCTURE
OF THE BALLOON

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AND BEAR THE WEIGHT
OF THE BASKET,

114
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BURNERS, AND PASSENGERS.

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Cameron: THE OVERALL
CONSTRUCTION

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OF A HOT AIR BALLOON
IS ACTUALLY QUITE SIMPLE.

117
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THERE'S A LOAD RING
A THE VERY TOP OF THE BALLOON.

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FROM THAT POINT,
THERE CARRIES SOME TAPES

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WHICH COME DOWN TO A LOAD
RING AT THE BURNER.

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SO THE FABRIC JUST HOLDS
IN THE HOT AIR.

121
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THE LOAD TAPES CARRY THE LOAD,

122
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AND THE RING AT THE TOP
AND THE RING AT THE BOTTOM

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ACTUALLY HELP SUSPEND
ALL OF THAT.

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Narrator:
DESPITE THE DEVELOPMENTS

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OF NEW ALTERNATIVES,
THE BASKETS

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ARE STILL MADE
FROM TRADITIONAL MATERIALS.

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DEPENDING ON CUSTOMER
REQUIREMENTS,

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THEY ARE FITTED OUT
WITH LEATHER-COVERED

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PADDING AND TRIM.

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Cameron:
WE NOT ONLY HAVE TO APPLY

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ALL THE CUSTOMER'S REQUIREMENTS

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FOR DIFFERENT COLOR TRIM
AND CUSHIONS AND SO ON,

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BUT THIS IS THE PLACE
WHERE THE PASSENGERS

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AND THE FUEL TANKS WILL BE.

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IT HAS TO PERFORM
UNDER DURESS, AND, IN FACT,

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IT HAS TO DO DROP TESTS
AND VARIOUS CRUSH TESTS.

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♪♪

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Narrator:
ONCE FINISHED, THE BALLOON

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IS THOROUGHLY TESTED BY THE TEAM
BEFORE DELIVERY TO THE CUSTOMER.

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Cameron: WE CONTINUALLY
INSPECT OUR WORK

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AS WE GO ALONG,

142
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AND THEN WE GO
TO A FINAL TEST

143
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AND INSPECTION STAGE.

144
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AND THIS WE DO ALL TOGETHER

145
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ON EVERY PART OF THE BALLOON

146
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TO MAKE SURE THAT WE ARE 100%
HAPPY WITH IT,

147
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SO WE CAN, HAND ON HEART,

148
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GIVE IT TO OUR CUSTOMERS
WITH FULL CONFIDENCE.

149
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♪♪

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Narrator: SIT TIGHT --
AFTER THE BREAK,

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WE RETURN TO EARTH
TO DISCOVER THE SECRETS

152
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OF AMAZING SYNTHETIC RUBBER.

153
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♪♪

154
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Narrator: OUR DAILY LIVES
ARE MADE EASIER

155
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BY ANY NUMBER
OF AMAZING INNOVATIONS,

156
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BUT THERE IS ONE THAT
IS ARGUABLY THE GREATEST

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OF ALL TIME,
AND THAT'S THE WHEEL.

158
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THE WHEEL'S ORIGIN MAY BE
A BIT LOST IN TIME,

159
00:07:23,944 --> 00:07:25,677
BUT THE RUBBER AROUND A CAR TIRE

160
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IS DIRECTLY LINKED
TO WORLD WAR II.

161
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HOW?

162
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WELL, IT ALL BEGINS
WITH NATURAL RUBBER.

163
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RUBBER COMES FROM
THE RUBBER TREE,

164
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AS IT IS CALLED --
THAT'S A TREE

165
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ORIGINALLY
FOUND IN SOUTH AMERICA.

166
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AND WHAT YOU DO
IS YOU TAKE THE TREE.

167
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YOU CUT THE BARK,

168
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AND SAP SLOWLY RUNS OUT OF IT.

169
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THIS SAP IS A MILKY MIXTURE
OF WATER AND LATEX.

170
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LATEX CONTAINS RUBBER
AND LATEX MOLECULES,

171
00:07:50,236 --> 00:07:51,836
AND WHAT'S THEN DONE
IS IT'S PROCESSED

172
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WITH A BIT OF ACID,

173
00:07:53,106 --> 00:07:54,906
AND THE RUBBER ITSELF
CAN COME OUT.

174
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THE PEOPLES OF SOUTH AMERICA
USED IT FOR MANY THINGS

175
00:07:56,776 --> 00:07:59,310
INCLUDING WATERPROOF
COATS, SHOES,

176
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AND BALLS TO PLAY
THEIR BALL GAMES

177
00:08:01,048 --> 00:08:03,447
THAT THEY'RE QUITE FAMOUS
FOR IN ANCIENT CULTURES.

178
00:08:03,449 --> 00:08:06,384
Narrator: NATURAL RUBBER MAY BE
A USEFUL MATERIAL,

179
00:08:06,386 --> 00:08:08,386
BUT IT DOES HAVE IT'S LIMITS.

180
00:08:08,388 --> 00:08:09,921
Gazard: IT HAS ONLY A CERTAIN

181
00:08:09,923 --> 00:08:11,989
TEMPERATURE RANGE OVER
WHICH IT WILL WORK.

182
00:08:11,991 --> 00:08:14,125
IN COLD WINTERS,
IT WILL FREEZE ROCK SOLID

183
00:08:14,127 --> 00:08:16,061
AND BECOME AFFECTED LIKE A ROCK,

184
00:08:16,063 --> 00:08:18,396
NOT VERY USEFUL FOR
IT'S ELASTIC PROPERTIES.

185
00:08:18,398 --> 00:08:20,532
WHEN IT GETS TOO WARM,
IT WILL MELT,

186
00:08:20,534 --> 00:08:22,066
WHICH OBVIOUSLY
DOESN'T WORK VERY WELL

187
00:08:22,068 --> 00:08:24,802
IF YOU'RE TRYING TO USE IT
AS A TIRE IN A HOT COUNTRY.

188
00:08:24,804 --> 00:08:26,671
Narrator: IN 1839,
CHARLES GOODYEAR

189
00:08:26,673 --> 00:08:28,339
ACCIDENTALLY STUMBLES ON
THE WAY

190
00:08:28,341 --> 00:08:31,208
TO IMPROVE THE VERSATILITY
OF NATURAL RUBBER.

191
00:08:31,210 --> 00:08:33,611
IT'S CALLED VULCANIZATION.

192
00:08:33,613 --> 00:08:36,214
AND BY ADDING SULFUR
AND LEAD TO NATURAL RUBBER

193
00:08:36,216 --> 00:08:37,349
AND HEATING IT,

194
00:08:37,351 --> 00:08:39,951
THE PROCESS CROSS-LINKS
THE NATURAL RUBBER FIBERS

195
00:08:39,953 --> 00:08:42,954
AND MOLECULES MAKING
THE MATERIALS MORE DURABLE.

196
00:08:47,160 --> 00:08:48,359
WHEN A COMPOUND MELTS,

197
00:08:48,361 --> 00:08:51,362
ITS MOLECULES SLIDE
PAST EACH OTHER.

198
00:08:51,364 --> 00:08:53,031
IF RUBBER IS CROSS-LINKED,

199
00:08:53,033 --> 00:08:54,766
THAN THE COMPOUND LOOSES
THAT ABILITY,

200
00:08:54,768 --> 00:08:56,968
SO IT RETAINS
THE STRETCHINESS OF RUBBER

201
00:08:56,970 --> 00:09:00,638
OVER THE GREATER RANGE
OF TEMPERATURES.

202
00:09:00,640 --> 00:09:03,441
THIS NEW,
IMPROVED RUBBER HAS MANY USES.

203
00:09:03,443 --> 00:09:06,978
SO, THE WORLD GOES CRAZY
FOR RUBBER TIRES,

204
00:09:06,980 --> 00:09:09,915
BUT WHAT IS
THE WORLD WAR II CONNECTION?

205
00:09:09,917 --> 00:09:13,117
WHEN THE JAPANESE
INVADE SOUTHEAST ASIA IN 1941,

206
00:09:13,119 --> 00:09:14,986
THE MAJORITY OF THE WORLD'S
RUBBER RESOURCES

207
00:09:14,988 --> 00:09:16,387
FALL UNDER ITS CONTROL,

208
00:09:16,389 --> 00:09:20,325
CREATING A DIFFICULT
SITUATION FOR THE U.S.

209
00:09:20,327 --> 00:09:21,525
THE U.S. WAS ENTERING THE WAR,

210
00:09:21,527 --> 00:09:23,328
AND IT NEEDED SUPPLIES
OF RUBBER IN ORDER

211
00:09:23,330 --> 00:09:25,796
TO MAN THE BATTLE SHIPS,
THE DESTROYERS,

212
00:09:25,798 --> 00:09:28,866
AND EVERY THING IN PARTS
AND MUNITIONS IN THE WAR EFFORT.

213
00:09:28,868 --> 00:09:31,603
THE PROBLEM WAS THEY HAD
A MILLION TONS' WORTH OF RUBBER

214
00:09:31,605 --> 00:09:33,004
AND WERE GOING THROUGH IT
AT A RATE OF ABOUT

215
00:09:33,006 --> 00:09:35,006
600,000 TONS A YEAR,

216
00:09:35,008 --> 00:09:37,208
SO, A YEAR AND A HALF
SUPPLY AT MOST.

217
00:09:37,210 --> 00:09:38,743
THEY FORMED
THE RUBBER RESERVE COMMITTEE

218
00:09:38,745 --> 00:09:40,211
SO THAT ALL SCRAPS OF RUBBER

219
00:09:40,213 --> 00:09:42,681
COULD BE TAKEN IN AND RECYCLED

220
00:09:42,683 --> 00:09:44,816
AND MANUFACTURED AND REUSED.

221
00:09:44,818 --> 00:09:47,285
ABOUT 3 YEARS LATER,
TOWARDS THE END OF THE WAR,

222
00:09:47,287 --> 00:09:49,687
THEY WORKED OUT ENOUGH FACTORIES

223
00:09:49,689 --> 00:09:53,758
TO PRODUCE 70,000 TONS
PER MONTH

224
00:09:53,760 --> 00:09:56,094
INSTEAD OF 231 TONS PER YEAR.

225
00:09:56,096 --> 00:09:58,296
AND THIS OBVIOUSLY GREATLY
INCREASED THE ABILITY

226
00:09:58,298 --> 00:10:01,166
FOR THE U.S. TO HELP THE ALLIES
TO FIGHT THE WAR.

227
00:10:01,168 --> 00:10:04,836
Narrator: SYNTHETIC RUBBER KEEPS
THE U.S. WAR MACHINE MOVING

228
00:10:04,838 --> 00:10:07,838
DURING THE DARK DAYS
OF THE EARLY 1940s.

229
00:10:07,840 --> 00:10:10,709
BUT WHAT'S THE SECRET BEHIND
THIS WAR-WINNING TECHNOLOGY?

230
00:10:10,711 --> 00:10:13,978
SYNTHETIC RUBBER WAS
ORIGINALLY DEVELOPED

231
00:10:13,980 --> 00:10:16,448
BY WILLIAM TILDON IN 1879.

232
00:10:16,450 --> 00:10:19,384
HE WORKED OUT THAT HE COULD
TAKE ISOPRENE AND POLYMERIZERS.

233
00:10:19,386 --> 00:10:21,519
LATER ON, IT WAS DISCOVERED
THAT ADDING SODIUM

234
00:10:21,521 --> 00:10:24,589
TO THE MIXTURE YOU COULD
INCREASE THE POLYMERIZATION,

235
00:10:24,591 --> 00:10:27,392
AND THUS PRODUCE SYNTHETIC
RUBBER QUITE QUICKLY.

236
00:10:27,394 --> 00:10:29,193
Narrator: AFTER ITS SUCCESS
IN WORLD WAR II,

237
00:10:29,195 --> 00:10:31,062
SYNTHETIC RUBBER
NEVER LOOKS BACK.

238
00:10:31,064 --> 00:10:32,997
AND TODAY, IT'S USED FAR MORE

239
00:10:32,999 --> 00:10:36,868
WIDELY THAN ITS COUSIN,
NATURAL RUBBER.

240
00:10:36,870 --> 00:10:39,938
AN AMAZING 70 PERCENT
OF ALL ROAD TIRES TODAY

241
00:10:39,940 --> 00:10:41,605
ARE MADE FROM SYNTHETIC RUBBER.

242
00:10:41,607 --> 00:10:43,141
SO, THE NEXT TIME
YOU TAKE A TRIP

243
00:10:43,143 --> 00:10:45,009
IN YOUR CAR
OR A RIDE ON THE BUS,

244
00:10:45,011 --> 00:10:47,545
REMEMBER THAT YOU'RE BEING
CARRIED ALONG BY MATERIAL

245
00:10:47,547 --> 00:10:50,949
THAT WAS DEVELOPED
TO WIN WORLD WAR II.

246
00:10:50,951 --> 00:10:53,217
COMING UP NEXT,
A SPECIAL EXPERIMENT

247
00:10:53,219 --> 00:10:55,153
TO SHOW THE EXTRAORDINARY FORCES

248
00:10:55,155 --> 00:10:57,055
AT WORK ON AN ORDINARY TIRE.

249
00:11:07,701 --> 00:11:11,302
♪♪

250
00:11:11,304 --> 00:11:14,038
Narrator: SYNTHETIC RUBBER MAY
BE AN OUTSTANDING INVENTION,

251
00:11:14,040 --> 00:11:16,441
BUT THE DIFFERENT FORCES
ACTING ON CAR TIRES

252
00:11:16,443 --> 00:11:20,845
MAKE THIS WONDER MATERIAL
EVEN MORE IMPRESSIVE.

253
00:11:20,847 --> 00:11:23,848
TO BEGIN, OUR TESTER
TAKES TWO CATALOGS

254
00:11:23,850 --> 00:11:26,584
AND BEGINS TO INTERWEAVE
THEIR PAGES.

255
00:11:26,586 --> 00:11:29,187
THE EXPERIMENT WILL WORK BEST

256
00:11:29,189 --> 00:11:31,256
IF YOU USE TWO SOFTBACK CATALOGS

257
00:11:31,258 --> 00:11:34,392
AND TRY AND SANDWICH
AS MANY PAGES AS YOU CAN.

258
00:11:34,394 --> 00:11:37,528
ALTHOUGH, A FEW PAGES AT A TIME
WILL STILL GIVE YOU A RESULT.

259
00:11:37,530 --> 00:11:40,665
SOMETIME LATER, AND THE TWO
WEIGHTY CATALOGS

260
00:11:40,667 --> 00:11:44,335
HAVE MOST OF THEIR PAGES
RESTING IN BETWEEN EACH OTHER.

261
00:11:44,337 --> 00:11:47,205
NOW THEN, TRY
PULLING THEM APART.

262
00:11:47,207 --> 00:11:51,609
IT'S NOT SO EASY, AND IT'S ALL
BECAUSE OF FRICTION.

263
00:11:51,611 --> 00:11:53,812
FRICTION IS THE FORCE
THAT OPPOSES MOTION

264
00:11:53,814 --> 00:11:56,414
WHEN TWO SURFACES
COME INTO CONTACT.

265
00:11:56,416 --> 00:11:58,416
PLACE A SHEET OF PAPER
ON TOP OF ANOTHER,

266
00:11:58,418 --> 00:12:00,217
AND IT'S EASY
TO SLIDE THEM APART.

267
00:12:00,219 --> 00:12:03,488
BUT WHEN YOU HAVE HOARDS
OF PAPERS ALL ACTUALLY TOGETHER,

268
00:12:03,490 --> 00:12:05,356
THEN THE FORCE IS IMMENSE.

269
00:12:08,361 --> 00:12:12,230
SO, HOW MUCH FORCE IS NEEDED
TO PRY THE TWO BOOKS APART?

270
00:12:12,232 --> 00:12:15,233
THIS CALLS FOR AN EXPERIMENT.

271
00:12:15,235 --> 00:12:19,637
THE MATERIALS: WOOD, WEIGHTS,
WIRE, PULLEYS, CLAMPS,

272
00:12:19,639 --> 00:12:23,174
AND AN ASSORTMENT OF SCREWS.

273
00:12:23,176 --> 00:12:25,910
OUR TESTER CONSTRUCTS
A RIG THAT WILL ALLOW WEIGHTS

274
00:12:25,912 --> 00:12:28,379
TO BE SUSPENDED
FROM EACH BOOK

275
00:12:28,381 --> 00:12:30,314
SO WE CAN FIND OUT
HOW MUCH WEIGHT

276
00:12:30,316 --> 00:12:33,451
WILL MAKE THE BOOK SLIP APART.

277
00:12:33,453 --> 00:12:37,722
LET'S SEE IF WE CAN
BEAT MOTHER NATURE'S FRICTION.

278
00:12:37,724 --> 00:12:39,557
GRADUALLY, OUR TESTER
ADDS THE WEIGHTS.

279
00:12:41,394 --> 00:12:43,995
THE WIRES GO TAUT
UNDER THE STRING,

280
00:12:43,997 --> 00:12:46,598
BUT THE BOOKS REFUSE TO BUDGE.

281
00:12:46,600 --> 00:12:48,332
HOW MUCH WEIGHT
CAN THE PAGES TAKE?

282
00:12:48,334 --> 00:12:51,402
WELL, QUITE A BIT ACTUALLY.

283
00:12:51,404 --> 00:12:53,604
IN THE END,
OUR TESTER IS DEFEATED

284
00:12:53,606 --> 00:12:56,875
WITH JUST ABOUT 154 POUNDS,

285
00:12:56,877 --> 00:12:58,076
THE SIZE OF A HUMAN,

286
00:12:58,078 --> 00:12:59,944
TRYING TO PULL
THE TWO BOOKS APART.

287
00:12:59,946 --> 00:13:02,279
WE HAVE TO STOP THE EXPERIMENT
AS OUR RIG THREATENS

288
00:13:02,281 --> 00:13:05,349
TO BREAK UNDER
THE TESTING CONDITIONS.

289
00:13:05,351 --> 00:13:08,085
AND OUR CONCLUSION
IS NEVER UNDERESTIMATE

290
00:13:08,087 --> 00:13:11,289
THE POWER OF FRICTION.

291
00:13:11,291 --> 00:13:13,625
THE PROSPECT OF FINDING
OF BURIED GOLD

292
00:13:13,627 --> 00:13:16,694
AND PRECIOUS METALS
DRAWS THOUSANDS AROUND THE WORLD

293
00:13:16,696 --> 00:13:18,896
TO THE HOBBY OF DETECTING.

294
00:13:18,898 --> 00:13:21,165
DETECTORISTS,
AS THEY'RE CALLED TODAY,

295
00:13:21,167 --> 00:13:23,635
HAVE FOUND FABULOUS HOARDS
OF ANCIENT TREASURES

296
00:13:23,637 --> 00:13:28,439
THAT HAVE SAT UNDETECTED
FOR CENTURIES.

297
00:13:28,441 --> 00:13:31,576
IN 1919, THEIR MISSION
GETS A MAJOR UPGRADE

298
00:13:31,578 --> 00:13:33,845
WITH THE INVENTION
OF THE METAL DETECTOR.

299
00:13:33,847 --> 00:13:36,714
♪♪

300
00:13:36,716 --> 00:13:40,117
IT ALL BEGINS WITH TWO
ELECTROMAGNETIC COILS.

301
00:13:40,119 --> 00:13:41,586
Man:
IN YOUR METAL DETECTOR,

302
00:13:41,588 --> 00:13:43,321
YOU'RE SENDING
AN ELECTRICAL CURRENT

303
00:13:43,323 --> 00:13:45,189
THROUGH THE CENTER COIL.

304
00:13:45,191 --> 00:13:47,458
THE CHANGING OF THAT
ELECTRICAL CURRENT CREATES

305
00:13:47,460 --> 00:13:48,927
A CHANGING MAGNETIC FIELD,

306
00:13:48,929 --> 00:13:51,329
A MAGNETIC PULSE,
IN THE DETECTOR.

307
00:13:51,331 --> 00:13:53,598
THIS PULSE GOES
INTO THE GROUND,

308
00:13:53,600 --> 00:13:56,467
AND WHERE IT IS PICKED UP
THE MAGNETIC OBJECT,

309
00:13:56,469 --> 00:14:00,137
THE MAGNETIC CHANGING
MAGNETIC PULSE CAUSES

310
00:14:00,139 --> 00:14:02,773
A CURRENT TO BE
GENERATED IN THE METAL,

311
00:14:02,775 --> 00:14:05,209
AND THAT CURRENT THEN GENERATES,

312
00:14:05,211 --> 00:14:08,546
IN TURN, A MAGNETIC RESPONSE

313
00:14:08,548 --> 00:14:09,813
THAT YOUR METAL DETECTOR

314
00:14:09,815 --> 00:14:12,550
IS NOW PICKING UP
THROUGH THE RECEIVER COIL.

315
00:14:12,552 --> 00:14:14,018
AND THAT THEN, IN TURN,

316
00:14:14,020 --> 00:14:16,955
GENERATES A CHANGING CURRENT
IN A METAL DETECTOR

317
00:14:16,957 --> 00:14:18,356
THAT IS USED TO SIGNAL

318
00:14:18,358 --> 00:14:21,960
THAT YOU HAVE FOUND
AN OBJECT IN THE GROUND.

319
00:14:21,962 --> 00:14:23,761
Narrator: IT MAY SURPRISE
YOU TO LEARN

320
00:14:23,763 --> 00:14:25,696
THAT THE FIRST USE
OF THESE DEVICES

321
00:14:25,698 --> 00:14:27,965
IS NOT TO FIND TREASURE
OR PRECIOUS METALS,

322
00:14:27,967 --> 00:14:31,202
BUT TO CLEAR THE BATTLE FIELDS
OF FRANCE AFTER WORLD WAR I.

323
00:14:34,040 --> 00:14:36,307
BY WORLD WAR II, A LIGHTER,

324
00:14:36,309 --> 00:14:39,510
MORE USER-FRIENDLY
DESIGN IS INVENTED.

325
00:14:39,512 --> 00:14:42,980
AND IN 1942,
AFTER THE GERMAN ARMY

326
00:14:42,982 --> 00:14:45,449
IS DEFEATED AT EL ALAMEIN
IN NORTH AFRICA,

327
00:14:45,451 --> 00:14:47,718
THE ALLIES ARE IN HOT PURSUIT.

328
00:14:47,720 --> 00:14:49,320
CLOSING IN ON THE ENEMY,

329
00:14:49,322 --> 00:14:51,188
THE ALLIES ARE STOPPED
IN THEIR TRACKS

330
00:14:51,190 --> 00:14:52,857
BY A DEADLY MINEFIELD.

331
00:14:52,859 --> 00:14:55,994
BUT ARMED WITH A NEWLY
DESIGNED MINE DETECTOR,

332
00:14:55,996 --> 00:15:01,399
ALLIED TROOPS LOCATE
AND DISARM THE EXPLOSIVES.

333
00:15:01,401 --> 00:15:03,868
METAL DETECTORS TODAY
HAVE MANY APPLICATIONS.

334
00:15:03,870 --> 00:15:05,670
THEY PLAY THEIR PART
IN THE WAR ON TERROR

335
00:15:05,672 --> 00:15:06,871
BY SCANNING PASSENGERS

336
00:15:06,873 --> 00:15:10,074
FOR HIDDEN WEAPONS
AT AIRPORTS.

337
00:15:10,076 --> 00:15:14,879
THEY'RE ALSO USED
IN IRAQ AND AFGHANISTAN.

338
00:15:14,881 --> 00:15:16,814
BUT, OF COURSE,
METAL DETECTORS AREN'T

339
00:15:16,816 --> 00:15:19,750
JUST USED FOR SECURITY
AND IN WAR.

340
00:15:19,752 --> 00:15:23,220
Man: ANOTHER INTERESTING USE
IS THE LOCAL DALLAS AQUARIUM.

341
00:15:23,222 --> 00:15:25,957
THEY HAVE A BIG PENGUIN TANK
WITH A NUMBER OF PENGUINS

342
00:15:25,959 --> 00:15:28,960
WHERE YOU CAN WATCH THEM SWIM,
AND AS IT WOULD BE,

343
00:15:28,962 --> 00:15:32,162
PEOPLE INVARIABLY WANT
TO THROW THINGS INTO THE WATER.

344
00:15:32,164 --> 00:15:34,098
THE PENGUINS WILL
INGEST THESE THINGS.

345
00:15:34,100 --> 00:15:36,500
SO THE ZOO THERE WILL ACTUALLY
TAKE THOSE PENGUINS

346
00:15:36,502 --> 00:15:38,903
AND LINE THEM UP
AND SCAN THEIR LITTLE BODIES

347
00:15:38,905 --> 00:15:42,106
WITH THE HAND SCANNER TO SEE
IF ANYTHING'S IN THEIR BELLIES.

348
00:15:42,108 --> 00:15:44,709
AND THEY FOUND QUITE A FEW
METALLIC OBJECTS THE PENGUINS

349
00:15:44,711 --> 00:15:47,311
HAVE INGESTED THAT MIGHT
HAVE OTHERWISE KILLED THEM

350
00:15:47,313 --> 00:15:49,279
IF THEY WERE NOT
REMOVED QUICKLY.

351
00:15:49,281 --> 00:15:51,983
Narrator: AS THE TECHNOLOGY
DEVELOPS AND IMPROVES,

352
00:15:51,985 --> 00:15:53,917
IT'S INCREASINGLY
LIKELY THAT THE EARTH

353
00:15:53,919 --> 00:15:55,853
WILL GIVE UP MORE OF ITS
METAL TREASURES,

354
00:15:55,855 --> 00:15:58,056
SOME OF THEM BURIED
FOR MILLENNIA.

355
00:15:58,058 --> 00:15:59,991
HOLD ON TO YOUR BOOTY!
AFTER THE BREAK,

356
00:15:59,993 --> 00:16:03,328
WE'LL VISIT A FACTORY TO SEE
HOW A METAL DETECTOR IS MADE.

357
00:16:14,473 --> 00:16:16,874
Narrator: TODAY, GARRETT METAL
DETECTORS IN HOUSTON, TEXAS,

358
00:16:16,876 --> 00:16:20,345
IS ONE OF THE LEADING
PRODUCERS OF METAL DETECTORS.

359
00:16:20,347 --> 00:16:23,748
CHARLES GARRETT,
AN AVID TREASURE HUNTER,

360
00:16:23,750 --> 00:16:25,149
BEGAN BUILDING HIS PROTOTYPE

361
00:16:25,151 --> 00:16:27,685
METAL DETECTOR MORE
THAN 50 YEARS AGO.

362
00:16:27,687 --> 00:16:31,155
STILL VERY MUCH
A FAMILY-RUN BUSINESS TODAY,

363
00:16:31,157 --> 00:16:33,023
GARRETT HAS GROWN
INTO ONE OF THE LEADING

364
00:16:33,025 --> 00:16:35,226
METAL DETECTOR MANUFACTURERS
IN THE WORLD.

365
00:16:35,228 --> 00:16:39,297
THE PRODUCTION PROCESS
BEGINS WITH MAGNETIC MODELING.

366
00:16:39,299 --> 00:16:41,899
THIS HELPS THE ENGINEERS
TO MONITOR

367
00:16:41,901 --> 00:16:44,368
THE DETECTORS PERFORMANCE
AND DESIGN THE STYLE

368
00:16:44,370 --> 00:16:48,039
AND SHAPE OF THE
ALL-IMPORTANT DETECTION COIL.

369
00:16:48,041 --> 00:16:50,575
THE PLASTIC CASING
OF THE METAL DETECTOR

370
00:16:50,577 --> 00:16:52,777
IS THEN DESIGNED USING
COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN,

371
00:16:52,779 --> 00:16:54,845
OR CAD, SOFTWARE.

372
00:16:54,847 --> 00:16:56,380
THIS ALLOWS THE ENGINEER
TO LOOK

373
00:16:56,382 --> 00:16:58,516
AT THE STRESS PATTERNS
OF THE PLASTIC

374
00:16:58,518 --> 00:17:01,252
AND ENABLES HIM TO PRODUCE
THE MOST DURABLE, FUNCTIONAL,

375
00:17:01,254 --> 00:17:03,054
AND ERGONOMIC DESIGN POSSIBLE.

376
00:17:06,192 --> 00:17:08,259
THE COMPONENT PARTS,
CONNECTING WIRES

377
00:17:08,261 --> 00:17:10,061
AND OTHER ELEMENTS
OF THE CIRCUIT BOARD,

378
00:17:10,063 --> 00:17:13,597
ARE THEN MAPPED OUT.

379
00:17:13,599 --> 00:17:15,266
ONCE THIS IS DONE,
IT IS THEN TIME

380
00:17:15,268 --> 00:17:18,202
TO PUT THE ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
ONTO THE CIRCUIT BOARD.

381
00:17:18,204 --> 00:17:20,471
FIRST, THE SOLDER PASTE

382
00:17:20,473 --> 00:17:21,939
IS PRINTED ONTO
THE CIRCUIT BOARD,

383
00:17:21,941 --> 00:17:25,409
READY FOR THE BOARD TO BE MOVED
ONTO THE PICK AND PLACE MACHINE.

384
00:17:25,411 --> 00:17:27,879
THE MANY DIFFERENT
COMPONENTS THAT MAKE UP

385
00:17:27,881 --> 00:17:29,680
THE METAL DETECTOR'S
CIRCUIT BOARD

386
00:17:29,682 --> 00:17:31,816
ARE PICKED FROM A REEL
BY A HIGH-SPEED

387
00:17:31,818 --> 00:17:35,019
PICK-AND-PLACE MACHINE
AND PLACED ONTO THE BOARD.

388
00:17:35,021 --> 00:17:37,087
AUTOMATED PROCESSES SUCH
AS THESE ALLOW

389
00:17:37,089 --> 00:17:38,555
FOR EXTREME HIGH ACCURACY

390
00:17:38,557 --> 00:17:40,557
AND FASTER PRODUCTION
OF THE CIRCUIT BOARDS.

391
00:17:40,559 --> 00:17:43,694
THE BOARDS ARE THEN PLACED
THROUGH A RE-FLOW OVEN

392
00:17:43,696 --> 00:17:45,296
IN WHICH THE SOLDER
PASTE IS HEATED,

393
00:17:45,298 --> 00:17:47,999
WHICH FUSES IT TO THE
COMPONENTS AND THE BOARD.

394
00:17:52,171 --> 00:17:55,439
THE KEY ELEMENT
OF ANY METAL DETECTOR

395
00:17:55,441 --> 00:17:57,508
IS THE SEARCH COIL.

396
00:17:57,510 --> 00:18:02,113
THE COIL IS MADE BY WINDING
COPPER WIRE ON A PLASTIC BOBBIN.

397
00:18:02,115 --> 00:18:04,315
IT'S CUSTOM-DESIGNED
AND COMPUTER-CONTROLLED,

398
00:18:04,317 --> 00:18:06,917
SO THAT THE NUMBER OF WINDINGS,
LOCATION OF THE WIRES

399
00:18:06,919 --> 00:18:11,122
AND THE TENSION
CAN BE CONSISTENT.

400
00:18:11,124 --> 00:18:14,725
THE COIL IS THEN PASSED
ON TO THE COIL WIRING LINE.

401
00:18:14,727 --> 00:18:16,461
THE CIRCUIT BOARD,

402
00:18:16,463 --> 00:18:18,195
FRESHLY SPUN MAGNETIC COILS

403
00:18:18,197 --> 00:18:21,265
AND CABLES ARE ALL PUT
INTO THE PLASTIC SHELL

404
00:18:21,267 --> 00:18:23,234
AND THEN SECURED
WITH HEATED GLUE.

405
00:18:26,339 --> 00:18:28,806
NOW THAT THE COILS HAVE BEEN
PLACED INTO THE SHELL,

406
00:18:28,808 --> 00:18:30,474
AND THE WIRES
HAVE BEEN CONNECTED,

407
00:18:30,476 --> 00:18:32,944
THEY'RE ALL ENCAPSULATED
IN EPOXY RESIN

408
00:18:32,946 --> 00:18:36,147
USING AN AUTOMATED MIXING
AND DISPENSING MACHINE.

409
00:18:36,149 --> 00:18:38,282
WITH THE SEARCH COIL COMPLETE,

410
00:18:38,284 --> 00:18:40,484
THE ALUMINUM TUBES OF
THE METAL DETECTOR,

411
00:18:40,486 --> 00:18:45,022
WHICH WILL FORM IT'S STEM
AND HANDLE, ARE BENT TO SHAPE.

412
00:18:45,024 --> 00:18:47,958
THIS BENDS THE METAL
TO EXACTLY THE RIGHT SHAPE,

413
00:18:47,960 --> 00:18:51,495
DEPENDING ON THE MODEL OF
METAL DETECTOR BEING PRODUCED.

414
00:18:51,497 --> 00:18:54,631
HOLES ARE THEN PUNCHED INTO
THE FRESHLY BENT METAL STEMS

415
00:18:54,633 --> 00:18:59,236
TO ALLOW FOR THE PLASTIC CASINGS
TO BE FITTED TO THEM.

416
00:18:59,238 --> 00:19:01,305
THE METAL DETECTOR

417
00:19:01,307 --> 00:19:04,708
IS THEN FINISHED
ON THE FINAL ASSEMBLY LINE.

418
00:19:04,710 --> 00:19:08,112
THE CIRCUIT BOARDS ARE FIRST
PLACED INTO A PROGRAMMER

419
00:19:08,114 --> 00:19:10,248
THAT INSTALLS
THE DETECTOR'S SOFTWARE.

420
00:19:10,250 --> 00:19:12,683
ONCE THIS IS COMPLETE,
THE BOARD IS CALIBRATED

421
00:19:12,685 --> 00:19:14,451
USING TEST OBJECTS SUCH AS COINS

422
00:19:14,453 --> 00:19:15,953
THAT SPIN OVER
THE DETECTION COIL.

423
00:19:17,657 --> 00:19:20,725
THIS SENDS SIGNALS TO THE BOARD
THAT ALLOWS THE OPERATOR

424
00:19:20,727 --> 00:19:22,926
TO CALIBRATE IT AS WELL
AS SIGNALING

425
00:19:22,928 --> 00:19:26,864
THAT EVERYTHING IS WORKING
AS IT SHOULD BE.

426
00:19:26,866 --> 00:19:29,866
WITH THE BOARD COMPLETE,
BATTERY CONTACTS AND SPEAKERS

427
00:19:29,868 --> 00:19:32,603
ARE FITTED INTO
THE PLASTIC CONSOLE CASING.

428
00:19:32,605 --> 00:19:34,671
THE CIRCUIT BOARD
AND FRONT PANEL ARE ADDED.

429
00:19:34,673 --> 00:19:38,408
THE CASING'S LABEL
IS STUCK INTO PLACE

430
00:19:38,410 --> 00:19:39,876
BEFORE IT IS PASSED
DOWN THE LINE

431
00:19:39,878 --> 00:19:42,947
TO BE SCREWED AND SECURED,
BATTERIES ADDED,

432
00:19:42,949 --> 00:19:45,749
AND THEN BRANDED.

433
00:19:45,751 --> 00:19:47,285
NOW, A TORQUE WRENCH

434
00:19:47,287 --> 00:19:49,887
IS USED TO SECURE THE NUTS
FOR THE CONNECTORS.

435
00:19:49,889 --> 00:19:52,089
ONE CONNECTOR IS
FOR THE SEARCH COIL,

436
00:19:52,091 --> 00:19:54,492
AND THE OTHER IS
FOR THE HEADPHONES.

437
00:19:54,494 --> 00:19:56,761
THE FRESHLY POWDER-COATED STEMS

438
00:19:56,763 --> 00:19:58,428
ARE NOW ATTACHED
TO THE CONSOLE

439
00:19:58,430 --> 00:20:01,265
AS WELL AS THE CUFF ASSEMBLY.

440
00:20:01,267 --> 00:20:03,768
THE DETECTOR IS ATTACHED
TO ITS SEARCH COIL,

441
00:20:03,770 --> 00:20:05,970
AND DIFFERENT METALS ARE AGAIN
PASSED OVER IT IN ORDER

442
00:20:05,972 --> 00:20:07,438
TO VERIFY THAT THE DETECTOR

443
00:20:07,440 --> 00:20:11,508
IS DETECTING
WITH THE CORRECT SENSITIVITY.

444
00:20:11,510 --> 00:20:14,245
FINAL ASSEMBLY COMPLETE
AND ALL TESTS PASSED,

445
00:20:14,247 --> 00:20:16,113
THE METAL DETECTOR
IS THEN BOXED UP

446
00:20:16,115 --> 00:20:17,448
AND SHIPPED OFF,

447
00:20:17,450 --> 00:20:22,219
READY TO DISCOVER
INCREDIBLE NEW TREASURES.

448
00:20:22,221 --> 00:20:23,721
SO THERE YOU HAVE IT,

449
00:20:23,723 --> 00:20:25,189
A GLANCE THROUGH
THE HIDDEN HISTORY

450
00:20:25,191 --> 00:20:27,257
AND SUPER SCIENCE OF
SOME AMAZING PRODUCTS

451
00:20:27,259 --> 00:20:29,193
THAT YOU USE EVERY DAY:

452
00:20:29,195 --> 00:20:30,795
HOT AIR BALLOONS,

453
00:20:30,797 --> 00:20:32,263
SYNTHETIC RUBBER,

454
00:20:32,265 --> 00:20:34,265
AND METAL DETECTORS.

455
00:20:34,267 --> 00:20:35,933
THEY MAY SEEM
COMMON AND ORDINARY.

456
00:20:35,935 --> 00:20:38,335
HOWEVER, THESE PRODUCTS
HELPED CHANGED WORLD,

457
00:20:38,337 --> 00:20:42,873
ONE INCREDIBLE INVENTION
AT A TIME.